Limitations to the law of negligence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1994 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Discuss the effectiveness of the limitations that the law of negligence has imposed concerning the internalization of the costs of accidents The internalizing of the external costs associated with the consequences of negligent acts is a difficult proposition for academics, the courts, and government authorities. From the primary perspective of motor vehicle accidents, this paper examines the uneven internalisation of external accident costs obtained through the use of various negligence law tools in contrast with broader economic principles. All references are to the English tort system unless noted. The cost adjectives ‘internal’ and ‘external’ are imported into negligence law from the science of economics. The external costs of motor vehicle negligence are ones that affect society and which are not borne directly by the negligent party (Lindberg, 2004; p.1). The importance of these societal costs is underscored by the fact that ov er 20 million persons are injured or killed annually in motor vehicle accidents world wide, triggering cost consequences that reach as much as 2 percent of the Gross Domestic Product in some nations (Lindberg, 2001; p.400). A motor vehicle accident may precipitate environmental impacts, short term traffic congestion that affects the convenience of a potentially large number of other road users, a loss of productivity and labour, all of which occur in addition to property damage and personal injuries. The internal costs are the private costs that are the direct responsibility of the individual parties to the collision (Mattiacci, 2003; p.2). These are economic consequences that are personal to the vehicle users, whereas external costs have no impact upon a decision by the motor vehicle user to act in a particular fashion. To the economist, the external costs created by an act of negligence are a form of market failure, because there is a presumption of inefficiency in result. In e conomic terms, the desire to internalize these external accident costs is motivated by a need to correct a market imperfection and thus achieve a fair ‘price’ or outcome as a result of a negligent act.(Mattiacci, p.3) Motor vehicle operation in this context includes vehicle cost, fuel, maintenance, various forms of taxes, insurance premiums and the cost of time associated with vehicle operation. Both internal and external costs may also be understood by contrast with the various types of damages that may be awarded to a successful litigant in a conventional negligence action. This contrast is created by the intersection between economic theory and common law negligence principles, and it first achieved academic prominence through the work of Vickrey (1968), an economist, and the dissertations of legal commentators Calabresi (1970) and Stoljar (1973). These analyses may be regarded as seminal statements concerning the desired interplay between economics and the law of negligence. Each work identified the fundamental weakness of the tort system regarding the treatment of the external costs of a motor vehicle accident from two perspectives – the award of payments on a fault basis only, and the extent of compensation available. It was apparent that the tort system offered no incentive to drive safely and reduce the external cost of accidents. (Vickrey, p.4) These three separate reviews are an effective platform from which to review the progression in the modern analyses of the internal / external costs continuum. Traditional tort law principles when viewed through the lens of modern economic analysis now can be said to contain three broad objects –to internalize costs as an incentive for all motor vehicle users to take reasonable precautions and thus reduce over all motor vehicle accident costs; proper allocation of risk; the reduction of the administrative costs of tort claims (a subject that is beyond the scope of this pape r) Economists characterize the tort system as applied in motor vehicle accident actions as inefficient due to the quest in each case to determine the existence of fault, or other moral blameworthiness. This legal pursuit ultimately creates a ‘reward’ for the wronged party; (Nitkin and Landeo, 2004; p.2) the economist seeking to internalize costs would endeavour to minimize the total amount of money spent on (a) the costs associated with the accident in question and (b) the costs required to avoid the accident. When the principles of negligence law and the economic principles of external cost are brought together in this fashion, the broader, long term public implications of careless motor vehicle operation are brought into a clearer focus. Internalization of external costs is a significant extension of the law from available private remedy to broader social tool. In negligence cases, the essential legal question is when and to what extent a loss occasioned by the negligence of another should be shifted from the putative victim to another person or class (Donoghue, 1932). Legal determinations rest primarily upon the finding of a fault, as opposed to cost allocation, or other cost – benefit analysis (Gilles, 2003; p.491). A secondary consideration is the notion of quantum; the ancient maxim that the law does not concern itself with trifles is a practical barrier to otherwise well founded claims. By example, thousands of motorists who are inconvenienced by a road accident attributable to an act of negligence are an example of a significant external cost of the accident to the economist; the compensation otherwise payable to these individuals cannot be efficiently determined through the tort system, and it is therefore excluded. In the traditional tort law approaches employed in a variety of Anglo-American jurisdictions, the external economic consequences of negligent vehicle operation is not a significant factor in the primary determi nation of fault. As an example, if a motor vehicle owner’s insurance rating and resultant insurance premiums were to increase as a result of an ‘at fault’ accident (or even where there was no apportionment of fault), such considerations have meaning only to the economist and not the jurist. The courts, in applying the distinct but related doctrines of reasonable forseeability (Murphy, 1991), avoidability and contributory negligence, in the assessment of the impugned driver action, will make an award to the successful party without consideration of the broader societal or external costs of the conduct. The English Court of Appeal decision in Stovin (1994; pp.467 470) is an excellent encapsulation of the analysis of the consequences of a breach of duty, where the compensation awarded to remedy the breach is re-affirmed in traditional tort terms. The reasonable person / forseeability doctrines today remain limited tools with which to achieve any significant inte rnalisation of motor vehicle accident costs.(Stovin, 1994; p.467 -470) By contrast, the economist endeavors to assess the consequence of road negligence in terms of the overall quantifiable damage, without reference to any determination of individual culpability or absence of acceptable behavior. The economist assumes that there exists a relationship between driver actions and economic consequence – to create the most efficient allocation of resources, the party must be forced through economic levers to make the most efficient choices (Stoljar, 1980). Monetary incentives and disincentives are therefore the preferred economic motivator to act safely and prudently, to achieve the motor vehicle user equivalent of efficiency for the economist.(Lindberg, 2001; p. 405) There are a range of external costs that constitute the entire economic consequences of a motor vehicle collision that are either imperfectly captured or incapable of inclusion in the calculation of a damage aw ard from a motor vehicle accident claim. Examples of such costs include the ‘rental cost’ of highways, including consequent congestion, delay, and inconvenience to other users of the affected roadway; insurance coverages that are inadequate for the harm caused; accident costs borne by the National Health Service or other private health care providers (Health Act, 2006). Many commentators , including Stoljar (1973, pp. 233-240) and Mattiacci (2003; p.3), have stressed the ineffectiveness of legal reforms in negligence law as a means of influencing behaviors and thus converting external societal impacts into internal costs. Financial incentives and economic benefits will more readily stimulate a motor vehicle user to select alternate courses of action that are safer and tend to reduce external costs. Specific examples of limitations and approaches Technological advances in driver safety, known generally as Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) are vehicle managemen t programs that combine Global Positioning System technology, integrated on board digital maps, and vehicle monitoring to make road usage more efficient and contribute to the reduction of motor vehicle accidents.(Lindberg, 2004; p.3) Tort systems in a number of jurisdictions have been altered to permit the introduction of shared liability (no fault) systems. There is little evidence to suggest that accident rates and related external costs decline in these jurisdictions. Statutory changes such as the allocation of hospital care costs among constituents of the health care system are not internalisation of such costs. (Compensation Act, 2006) Government imposed fuel surcharges and road tolls (both distance related charges and congestion tolls) create a disincentive to drive, either generally or at certain peak periods. As a result, the motor vehicle accident rate tends to decline where such measures are implemented. (Lindberg, 2004; p.2) The related outcomes of road congestion, environmental impacts due to motor vehicle accidents, and vehicle wear were also correspondingly reduced. All of these consequences are examples of quantifiable internalisation of otherwise external costs. The most important externality that is considered in conventional motor vehicle negligence cases is vehicle speed. It is a well established principle of automobile driver behavior that higher speeds generally lead to higher risks of motor vehicle accidents. The higher risk in turn leads to a risk of greater adverse consequences for the parties involved in such collisions. (Lindberg, 2004; p.3) Anti-speeding devices or other vehicle modifications have been tested in relation to whether their use modifies driver behaviour and influences a resultant internalized accidents cost. Where the user is given a financial incentive to use the equipment (generally by insurance premium reduction), accident rates and consequent external costs are eliminated. Conversely, the imposition of s peed limits and road traffic enforcement create monetary disincentives to speed, by way of fines and resultant insurance premium increases. (Lindberg, 2004) The final factor to be considered in the internalisation of accident costs may be human nature itself; people tend to find behaviour the most acceptable when it contributes most to their self-esteem. (Levitt, 2005; p. 90) Bibliography Birks, Peter (1999) ‘Equity, Conscience, and Unjust Enrichment’ Melbourne University Law Review, 1-18 Calabresi, Guido (1970) ‘The Cost of Accidents: A Legal and Economic Analysis’ (New Haven, CT: Yale University) Gilles, Stephen G., (2003) â€Å"The Emergence of Cost / Benefit Balancing in English Negligence Law’ Chicago-Kent Law Review 77, 489-522 Goerke, Lazlo (2001) ‘Accident Law: An Excessive Standard may be Efficient† https://www.cesifo-gr.IDL/cesifo_wp625.pdf (Date accessed 7/10/06) Gosnell, Chris (2000) ‘English Courts : The Restoration of a Common Law of Pure Economic Loss’ University of Toronto Law Journal, 2, 1- 8 Keating, Gregory C. (2006) â€Å"Strict liability and the Mitigation of Moral Luck’ University of Southern California Law School / Legal Studies Paper No. 06-17 Levitt, Steven D. and Stephen J. Dubner Freakonomics (New York: Harper Collins) Lindberg, G. (2001), Traffic Insurance and Accident Externality Charges, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, Vol. 35, Part 3, pp 399-416. Lindberg, Gunnar et al (2004) ITS Revolution and Voluntary Reduction of Speeding https://users.du.se/~jen/Seminarieuppsatser/Safety_JEN_20oct.pdf#search=internalisation of accident costs (Date accessed 8/10/06) Mattiaca, Giuseppe D. (2003) ‘Towards a Positive Economic Theory of Negative Liability’https://jiju.gmu.edu.departments/law/facultypapers/docs/03-29.pdf (Date accessed 7/10/06) Nikitin, Maxim and Claudia Landeo Split-Award Tort Reform, Firm’s L evel of Care, and Litigation Outcomes https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/ecmlatm04/4.htm (Date accessed 8/10/06) Priest, George L. (1991) ‘The Modern Expansion of Tort Liability: Its Sources, its Effects, and its Reform’ Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5, 3 31-50 Shavell, S. (1987) Economic Analysis of Accident Law. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press) Stoljar, S.J. (1973) ‘Accidents, costs and legal responsibility’, Modern Law Review, 36, 233-240 Stoljar, S. J. (1980) ‘Moral and Legal Reasoning’ (Totowa, NJ: Barnes and Noble) Vickery, William (1968) ‘Automobile Accidents, Tort Law, Externalities and Insurance: An Economists Critique’, Law and Contemporary Problems, 33, 468-87 Table of Statutes (United Kingdom) Compensation Act, 2006 Health Act, 2006 Road Traffic Act, 1988 Table of Cases Donoghue v. Stevenson [1932] A.C. 562 (H.L.) Murphy v. Brentwood District Council [1991] 1 A.C. 398 (H.L.) Stovin v. Wise et al [1994] 3 All ER 467 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Limitations to the law of negligence" essay for you Create order

The Benefits and Risks of Outsourcing - 1269 Words

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Therefore resources and capitals are not used in tasks where the company does not possess comparative advantage, but are utilized at their full potential and highest efficiency in their core business processes. Labor flexibility: Out sourcing means that a company does not actually own or invest in the capital and resources required for that specific business process, but it acquires it from a third part. As a consequence, it posses the flexibility to increase or decrease the quantity of services or merchandise provided by the third party according to its needs, as long as it does not breach the contract. In extreme cases, theShow MoreRelatedThe Risk And Benefits Of Outsourcing Supply Chain And Risk Management Essay961 Words   |  4 Pages The Risk and Benefits of Outsourcing Supply Chain and Risk Management. How Boeing 787 Supply Chain Issues Affected Other Industries? 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A Reflection on different volunteer work Free Essays

string(55) " and a good intend to assist people in this community\." It was my first twenty-four hours to fall in ‘Market A ; Craft Day ‘ as portion of squad of Pt Chevalier Community Centre. This market uses to be held on every 3rd Saturday of the month and the intent is for everyone in this community holding a topographic point to purchase and sell goods such as second-hand house ware, handmade trade, nutrient or anything they want to convey from place. This activity besides provides occupant, little concern and organisation an chance to link with the community, to advance themselves and do a payback to the community because the fee from the stall engagement is portion of support to run the Community Centre and its programmes. We will write a custom essay sample on A Reflection on different volunteer work or any similar topic only for you Order Now My occupation was as an helper to sell BBQ sausage with John, a commission member who has been called as ‘Sausage director ‘ and ‘Sausage expert ‘ . That is because he has volunteered in this occupation for a long clip. This is a gag between those team members as John is the youngest of the squad and it is the manner how they treat each other like household. From their conversation and the little talk, I found out Kiwis love to hold temper and do gags to show their concern for each other, particularly for well-known friends. They besides made gags to me but non much that I think they might worry about I could non understand their gags so acquire embarrassed. They were easy-going and had an opened bosom to do friend with me even though I am from a different cultural group. I could experience that how I was accepted as portion of group and been treated like a household. I was truly basking my clip with them as they had shown me the most of import cultural rites of New Zealand – dainty everyone every bit. In add-on, during my volunteering, I learned how to cut onions and how to do BBQ sausage and custom-built sandwich. This is the first clip of my life for making this occupation. Through my work, I have known it is a really common formula in New Zealand to hold BBQ sausage with onion, mustard sauce and toast as a bite for out-of-door activity. Besides, as John did, some people love to hold toast with ‘Spaghetti ‘ and tomato sauce which is another particular western manner that different from Asian ‘s. Compared with Taiwan, we use to hold assorted traditional nutrients as our bite such as Chinese roll, Stinky bean curd ( smelly tofu ) and Oyster omelette. The nomadic stables in Taiwan besides need to be approved by local council for a license to sell goods/food at wayside or local late-night market. There will be a punishment for no accredited stall. Contemplation: Day 2 – Core office work ( Wednesday, 9.30am~1pm, 22 Sep 2010 ) Karen, the Coordinator of the organisation, called me to come in to the Centre and gave me some plants to cognize the manner around the topographic point. She was besides my interviewee who gave detailed information for my 10 civilization and society inquiries and how this community Centre operate. Based on her occupation description, I know she is a cardinal to put to death the programme of community Centre and the commission of this non-profit organisation are people to sketch and to make up one’s mind what programme can be launch for the community. I realized how of import to hold a community Centre in the community after I did the office work and the interview. Harmonizing to Karen ‘s information, every community Centre is a ‘Hub ‘ to associate local public library, instruction establishment and business/organization together to supply information and activities for people live in the local country. Any single or assorted groups can utilize this topographic point for any activity by merely engaging a room of edifice, or leave their poster/brochure on the notice board to advance themselves. For illustration, a private child care Centre, where besides provide free Spanish linguistic communication larning environment, has its circular placed on notice board so everyone might see its information when visit the Centre. This is a free and convenient service that provide from the community Centre for its community. I think it is besides a proper topographic point to interchange cultural value from different cultural groups by holding their activities here. Furthermore, the School Holiday Programme is a good illustration to demo how this community centre wages proper respect to instruction and multiculturalism. For illustration, it has assorted activities for age 5 to 13 old ages old kids. The activities of September and October programme in this twelvemonth included the First Aid class for childs, Hip Pop dance workshop, Surf lifesaving workshop and a drama for a Chinese narrative â€Å" The Secret of Dongting Lake † which are really meaningful for developing kids ‘s accomplishment, personal ability and an chance to understand different cultural facet. I think it is really cagey to allow kids larn while playing through those seasonal programme and activities. Everyone, including their parents, can besides do friends and have a connexion for their societal life after the activity. It ‘s a really valuable part that the community centre gives us and the NZ society. Contemplation: Day 3 – Work in the Op-Shop ( Thursday, 10.30am~1pm, 23 Sep 2010 ) Thingss that I had learned were non from my work in this Op-shop but from people here. Their behavior and their idea gave me an thought to cognize why many New Zealander, particularly the senior, have willing to be voluntary and how they made the alterations for their community. Op-Shop of Pt Chevalier Community Centre is operated by voluntaries who are Erin, Julie and a lady who I have n’t met yet. Erin is the squad leader and the one to help my acquisition. She makes the determinations and manages the store to maintain it run for its clients. This is non hard to happen out she is rather dependable and motivated in her function. She has an enthusiasm and a good intend to assist people in this community. You read "A Reflection on different volunteer work" in category "Essay examples" She low the monetary value down or gave free gifts to the clients who seem to hold fiscal trouble. She notices the regular client and keeps the goods, which they may necessitate, beside her desk and give an acceptable monetary value when they have come. She said there are non many people have adequate money to purchase what they want, hence, the intent of community Centre is to assist people for their demand, that is the ground she gives the cheaper monetary value and bac k up them in this manner. Under her direction, the Op-shop has offered a free service for everyone who needs to advance their place concern to hold their monetary value bill of fare and concern card show on the check-out procedure desk. This is another manner how Erin does to assist and promote people who is unemployed but has the accomplishments for get downing a new life. Her whole household include her girl and grand-daughters, are all happy to affect in the volunteering work. They used to donate good quality apparels and purchase 2nd manus goods from this store. These is a really good illustration which Erin and her household have showed us for how people help each other in their community. â€Å" This is good to see everyone happy † , she said. In Taiwan, there are besides many people work for charity foundations or spiritual establishments who contribute themselves to assist the society. A measure of them even has joined the planetary charity events such as what Red-Cross does. This is positive mode to give payback to our society. The truth is, we ne’er know there will be one twenty-four hours we may necessitate aid from others so that why we do n’t seek to give what we have at first. More cooperation between people in the society may hold higher quality populating environment that everyone may acquire the benefit from. In this instance, I believe most of New Zealander has done this well from what I have seen in this community Centre. Language learned from my volunteering work The commission members and voluntaries of Pt Chevalier Community Centre are like a large household to me. They knew each other and have a good connexion with local occupants. The linguistic communication they used in our interaction was between formal and informal which may depend on the degree of relationship they have had with this individual. There are two different ways of the linguistic communication utilizing that I had noticed from my engagement. To well-known friends or dealingss, the words utilizing and the subjects of conversation taking were rather flexible and included a batch of temper and conversational words that I might non pick up from those native ‘s vocalization. In their little talk, they talked about friends or households they knew, gossiped about mundane affairs and made gags to each other. From here, I confirmed my feeling of what I have seen when I foremost came to NZ that Kiwis are easy-going and love to do friends. On the other manus, when communicated with me, those people were rather friendly and had tended to decelerate down their velocity and simple their words to do me understand them good. From their words use, I could cognize they had a quality of instruction degree that their behavior and speech production were soft and sophisticated. In this instance, I remember what Karen said in my interview and so most of squad member in this organisation has had a strong ‘social accomplishment ‘ which is people skill. They know how to talk felicitously with people from different background and how to do their conversation swimmingly to do both of us happy. By and large, the conversations with the squad members had given me an chance to measure my English speech production degree and to pattern my communicating accomplishment with native talkers. In my self-evaluation, the positive I got is I do n’t hold much problem to do communicating with them by utilizing mundane linguistic communication, such as salutation, stating the personal narrative, give the sentiments of what I think about mundane affair and follow the instructions that I had been asked. Most of conversations were run swimmingly but I knew there is still a spread to be narrowed if I could increase my English vocabulary to show myself decently and my comprehension of listening in English to understand their words. That is the negative side of my rating from my synergistic undertakings in this community Centre. The racial tenseness in NZ multicultural society? From my volunteered work in Pt Chevalier Community Centre, I have met many people who have an open-mind to accept NZ ‘s multicultural facet and dainty it with regard. However, some information from people who work in this Centre had widened my head to see how native New Zealanders think about the immigrants, particularly for Asiatic people. That has given me an thought how I behave and interact with native people who have different sentiment about us. The Committee Chairman of this organisation, Bruce, is a really soft old adult male who was rather enthusiastic to help my larning through my work in the Market and Craft twenty-four hours. He had given me some advices to do my CV and occupation application more successful through our interview. When we had a relevant conversation about people from different racial background like me, he told me a narrative of his boy ‘s employee who had been fired because his purpose of declining the service to clients who were Asiatic looking. Bruce had told me that many Kiwis have a misinterpretation about ‘all ‘ Asiatic people in NZ are bad driver. I had made the ailment about this misguided idea as sort of racial prejudice and I merely realized that is the ground why my friends, my household and myself had experienced of being stared or shouted by Pakeha drivers when we drove a spot slow or made a incorrect manner driving accidently as it may sometimes be made by themselves eve ry bit good. Merely like the information acquired from Karen, the Coordinator of the organisation, that when a figure of Asiatic first came to NZ, many Chinese gooseberries were really affronted about it for a long clip. â€Å" They thought Asiatic people may be able to come and take our state, our metropolis and our life style ; and they took a twosome of old ages, possibly 2 ~ 5 old ages to settle down. This is long clip ago when they refused to hold that in-migration policy to let more Asiatic people into the state. But now it merely truly accepted, by and large it truly accepted, † [ SIC ] it was Karen ‘s mention of the general sentiment of native occupant. From her words, I was disappointed about the old thought of native people but pleased with the alteration that they have made. In fact, there are ever two sides of a coin that people will see from different angel of position. Most people in this community that I have met are really sort to accept NZ ‘s multicultural society which they are populating in but merely a few have negative behavior to us, immigrant from Asia states, which I truly like to disregard to populate in peace with them. In decision, I agree that people in NZ are merely like people in Taiwan who are decidedly allowed to hold a right to give critical sentiments to people who may do any injury to this beautiful and peaceable state. However, it is better to maintain their thought in nonsubjective manner and non so subjective to make a hard life environment for those immigrants to populate in. That is perfectly unjust for what we have faced – the racial tenseness in NZ. How to cite A Reflection on different volunteer work, Essay examples

Independence day speech free essay sample

Good Morning India, Respected Principal, Mam, honorable chief guest, teachers and my dear friends. Today on 15th August 2013 India is celebrating its 67th Independence day and we are proud to say that we earned our freedom 67 year back, which was by an act passed by the British parliament and we were the first to get our independence through the act which is a mark of respect. At the midnight hour of August 14, 1947, Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru rose to addressed the nation made his maiden speech in New Delhi, â€Å"When the world sleep, India will wake to life and freedom. Now India is the largest democracy of the world. Last year our former School Captain Shivansh Khattari proudly called our nation as a sovereign, Socialist, Secular Democratic, Republic, and we all are really proud of that. But let me remind you all that winning Independent was not the end of our struggle, it was just the beginning of our greatest challenge and that was to make us prosperous. We will write a custom essay sample on Independence day speech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a citizen of India, we are proud of its golden past. We had one of the oldest and richest civilization of the world. Today we not only need to be proud of our glorious past but also work to make our present and future better than our past .We need to make our self so capable that we can praise its present and this can be only done, when we work hard for it. And we can only work hard, if we have a feeling of patriotism nationalism in our heart. Patriotism is a very deep and meaningful word, and its meaning changes according to the demand of time. During pre Independence time, Patriotism meant to get out of our houses and fight against foreign rule, whereas today a true patriot is that person who gives best of his services in the development, progress and upliftment of his nation as the best human resource. When a solders risk his life at the battle field. It makes a country feel proud, when, a leader work for the development of nation, it makes a county proud, when an Engineer, Scientist, Doctor or an Officer, discharges his duty with honesty it makes a country feel proud. When a teacher prepares the future of his Nation, it makes a Country proud and when a student study hard and work for his overall personality development, with a dream of building a great Nation makes a Country feel proud. Even a Sweeper, can be as patriotic as a soldier, if he discharges his duty of keeping the city clean with full devotion. Its not the work but the real feeling behind the work which matters. I am proud that I am born in India, because I know I can make it a better place. And the day each one of us will realize it, we will definitely make India, the heaven on Earth. And this is not a dream of a single man. It is the dream of one billion souls, and we can only achieve when one billion hands will work for if together, when one billion tongues will speak together, when one billion minds will think together and when one billion hearts will beat together and that will be when one billion men will have love for each other. Thank you Jai Hind.

Why I Joined Jrotc free essay sample

Since age eleven, the military was single handedly the only career field I could possibly fathom myself going into. Upon coming to and registering for Blackman High School, joining JROTC was a no brainer. Especially when I learned I could take this class in substitution for gym class. JROTC is more than a class; it is a program all its own and within it are kids with a future. I would like to believe that JROTC is greatly contributing to this and really guiding us as students in the right direction. Even if our sights are set on something other than the military after graduating high school, JROTC looks great on a college application. Not only in that does it make a positive impact on those, but in ourselves as individuals as well. JROTC teaches us confidence, integrity, respect, and leadership skills. This is my first year in JROTC and I am very new to it all, but I am eager to take away from it precisely that. We will write a custom essay sample on Why I Joined Jrotc or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I trust this program to teach me to be not only a leader, but also a good follower with teamwork skills and confidence in my peers. Being in the company of such great people, both students and staff, I feel I am on the right path to be taking action on learning so. Being in JROTC has given me structure and I am grateful for it. It has taught me qualities I will find immensely useful down the road when I graduate high school and go off to Alaska Pacific University, followed by Officer Candidate School, and finally the United States Navy. With JROTC experience under my belt, I will be pursuing this with confidence in not only myself but the choice I have made to go about such a route. Coming from an area to which the term â€Å"JROTC† is completely unheard of, I did not quite know what to expect upon entering this class. What I found was a fantastic group of kids that are eager to learn and indulge in all that this has to offer. Never before have I found a program to which I was fully committed until I was presented with the outstanding opportunity of JROTC. Emphatically I will acknowledge that I am completely honored to be a part of this. Every day in the classroom, I am reassured that I made the right choice. JROTC is, and will continue to be, my best decision of my high school career in regards to all of what I will take away from it and how much of a better citizen it has guided me to become.

Tips for Working on Group Projects in Business School

Tips for Working on Group Projects in Business School Group projects are designed to help you improve your ability to lead and work as part of a team. But as anyone who has ever worked in a team atmosphere knows, completing a project as a group can be difficult. Every group member has different ideas, temperaments, and schedules. And theres always at least one person who doesnt want to commit to doing the work. You can cope with these difficulties and others by employing some of the group project tips below. Tips for Working on Group Projects If you have the opportunity to choose members for your group, choose carefully and consider everyones skills and abilities before making your decision.Hold a meeting to discuss the project and the desired results in detail before getting started.Make assigned tasks and progress reports visible to everyone. This will keep members motivated and on point.  Make sure that work is equally distributed among the group.Make sure that everyone (including yourself) understands their personal responsibility.Create an online calendar and task list so that everyone can easily keep track of project progress, important dates, and other essential information.  Take advantage of these useful  Mobile Apps for MBA Students  to help you create common virtual spaces, share files, communicate and network with your peers.Try to meet at a time that is convenient for everyone in the group.Create a group communication plan and stick with it.Track communications and request that others acknowledge emai ls and other communications so that nobody can claim later on that they didn’t receive instructions or other information. Stay on top of deadlines throughout the project so that the final deadline doesnt create a lot of stress for the group.Follow through on your commitments and encourage other people to do the same. What to Do When You Dont Get Along with Group Members Remember that you dont need to like someone to work with them.Do not let your differences interfere with the project or your grade. It is not fair to you or the other group members.Try to concentrate on what other people are trying to say versus how they are saying it. Some people are naturally abrasive and do not realize the effect it has on others.Do not get angry with people who are not following through on commitments. Be the bigger person: find out what the problem is and how you can help.Dont sweat the small stuff. It sounds cliche but it is a good motto to employ when working on a group project.Try to communicate with the people you are having problems with. Feel free to share your feelingsbut do not lose your temper.Dont expect other people to change their personality for your benefit. The only behavior that you can control is your own.Lead by example. If others see you acting respectably and responsibly, they will be more likely to do the same.Consider yourself lucky. The op portunity to work with difficult people in business school will give you the practice you need to deal with difficult co-workers in the post-graduation world.

Essay 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

2 - Essay Example The government needs to take a number of drastic steps in the coming years in order to reduce our dependence on hydrocarbons, plus change the culture of America to make it generally more green. Only then will we turn back the clock on our environmental problems. So what is to be done about this serious problem? We need governments around the world to develop policies that when implemented will slow down or stop climate change. The best policy for all of this comes in two complementary forms. The first requires us to reduce our dependence on oil. The second involves a cap and trade system to reduce emissions from harming our atmosphere. I will begin by explaining the first aspect of this policy. Americans consume huge quantities of gasoline and oil every year. They drive big cars and they consume many products that are made with petroleum products. In normal times none of this would be a problem. But with so much evidence suggesting that carbon dioxide from the burning of carbon fuels is causing the temperature of the globe to rise dramatically, something must be done. Already we can see this policy moving forward. Car companies are producing more and more fuel-efficient vehicles and many say an electric car is right around the corner. Another positive aspect is that with the Great Recession in the last few years, one of America’s largest car companies, General Motors, was largely taken over by the government. Hopefully that will mean that they will have more say in what kind of products the company makes and that they will push green technology. The government plainly needs to invest much more in this kind of thing if it hopes to stave off of the worst of climate change. It is very nice to hear that although electric cars are not yet available, many international car companies are heavily promoting what they call green cars. If these promises can be realized and American consumers

Energy Efficient Food System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Energy Efficient Food System - Essay Example Form this explanation; it is very clear that any food system is affected not only by environmental factors but by also social, political and economic factors play a major role. (Michael Webber, Scientific American: â€Å"How to Make Food System More Energy Efficient† Jan 2012) expresses this point by looking at: 1. How food-energy relationships are changing. 2. What ways of food production are over utilizing the available energy, how they do it? 3. Ways of improving the food-energy ratio. According to the article, there has been an increase in the demand for energy especially fossil fuels and diverse countries are trying to fight this demand but are overlooking the food system as a major user of energy. There are certain farming methods which eventually lead to more energy being used to utilize food than that which we get from that same food. Evidence shows that there is a 10.1 ratio of energy input to food output and more energy is used to preserve and prepare food due to the use of more machinery like tractors. The author expresses optimism in improving this ratio, for example, he suggests stopping using corn kernels for starch-based ethanol as this seems like a process of interfering with nature. Conversion of agricultural waste like manure into products of power is another way to curb entering into the energy-danger zone. This can also provide vital nutrients to livestock and make more food available to us, for instance feeding of livestock by algal biomass will enable there to be more corn as food for humans thus less energy used for food production. Drip irrigation are among other pilot methods that have been used successfully not to mention improving our behavior like reducing food wastage and dietary options of eating lesser portions of food will go a long way in improving the 10.1 ratio. The high population increase in the world means a greater demand for food and thus higher demand for energy to produce this food. Some areas which were seen as non-agricultural areas for instance great deserts, were improved so as to be agricultural but there is still high energy consumption through transportation and irrigation and this does not solve this problem. Such a situation is described in instances where more energy is used to make food than that given out by the same food. There are instances where plants only convert less than 2% of solar energy into stored energy which is consumed by animals which are then consumed by humans and is again stored as glycogen instead of being given out. After thorough review of past experiments done by experts, the author believes that there is still hope in improving the 10.1 ratio. From studying researches done, it is clear that if the Americans stop using corn kernels for starch-based ethanol, they will be able to produce up to 15 gallons of corn-based feed-stocks which can be used as feed for both livestock and humans. Other ways of doing this are through; Use of cellulose sources for energy instead of food-based sources Conversion of agricultural waste into power using anaerobic digesters Using carbon-dioxide from smokestacks at coal plants to grow algae for food. Implementing agricultural techniques which have been perfected in pilot diagrams will also reduce the 10.1 ratio. For example drip irrigation creates less water wastage than sprinkle irrigation, in states like Iowa, researchers say

ELD Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ELD Project - Assignment Example Creating the work breakdown structure (WBS) is necessary not only in project planning but also when managing the project costs and scheduling (Schwalbe 198). Basically, the main purpose of WBS is to enable the project manager to group the work deliverables as identified in the project scope. In relation to the ELD project, the following is the work breakdown structure: Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM) is basically a type of network-based scheduling technique whereby each task is being represented by either nodes or boxes; and that each of the identified tasks is being linked by the precedence relationship (Bullen, LeFave and Selig 317). Doing so enables the project manager to effectively present the sequence in each task that needs to be performed. Applicable to the ELD project, the following is the PDM: When it comes to pre-determining the required time to complete the ELD project, the process of conducting the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) analysis is necessary because it adopts the use of a three-point estimates. Other than trying to depict the presence of interrelated tasks, the PERT diagram can also be used when tracking the pre-identified tasks (DuBrin 203). Gannt charts are useful when it comes to the tracking the schedule or progress of the actual project (Gido and Clements 121). Based on the PERT diagram presented on page 5, the following is the schedule of the ELD project: The estimate activity resource was purposely conducted to determine the rough estimate of available resources and time required to complete certain tasks within the project schedule (Heldman and Mangano 88). Basically, this section aims to determine both human and non-human resources and quantities needed when scheduling the required work activities. As such, the following is the estimate activity resources of the ELD project: Cost management requires the process of controlling the project costs through budgeting. As such, it is

Impact Of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Education Use Of Difibrillator Nursing Essay

Impact Of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Education Use Of Difibrillator Nursing Essay Poor knowledge and skill retention following AED and CPR training for nursing and other medical staff has been observed. Resulting of the increasing of the mortality rate CPR and AED training are important for nursing staff and is important as the nurses often are the first witness for the victim with cardiac arrest in hospital setting. The outcome of teaching approach is necessary to improve the knowledge and skill of the nurses and other medical team that increase the survival rate. Aim The aim of this literature review was to describe teaching approaches for cardiopulmonary resuscitation education in relation to acquired skills and knowledge in the use of an automated external defibrillation in a cardiac arrest situation in a clinical setting. Method The authors have selected a literature review for this study and key word that used are Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and education, nursing, continuing, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, nursing skill and education and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Papers published two month ago since 04-2011 from many sources, such as books and Pubmed database including 10 years period. Those published paper in English language which covers strategies to improve the knowledge and skills of the nurses and other medical staff in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillation using. In addition manual research has been used to get more information. Result There are many different teaching approaches can be used in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillation training such as ; Digital Video Disc without manikin, DVD with manikin with scenario, peer tuition and instructor facilitated methods which the best method. The quality of education in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillation training can be affected by the type of teaching approach which has been used. The education and refreshment of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillation training can enhance skill and knowledge of nursing staff and give self confidence during resuscitation time and in using automated external defibrillation, which can lead to increase the survival rate and improve the quality of patients life. Conclusion Nurses in hospital setting who seldom encounter cardiac arrest, should received automated external defibrillation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation training to avoid time delays in resuscitation. Staff should be evaluated by using manikin with feedback system and expert instructors to ensure the quality f chest compression are satisfied at the time of training. The availability of resuscitation training equipment in unit and ward can enhance the nursing staff for self education and refresh their skill and knowledge. INTRODUCTION Each year in United States of America there are 325,000 victims of sudden cardiac arrest. The mortality rates due to cardiac arrest are frequently observed in most of emergency situation, which is most often the result of ventricular tachycardia (VT) according to Mosesso, Shapiro, Stein, Burkett, Wang (2009). Moreover, cardiovascular attacks cause one third of all deaths in the world today (Lindstrand, Bergstrà ¶m, Rosling, Rubenson, Stenson Tylleskà ¤r, 2010). The nursing staffs are often the first witness for cardiac arrest in a hospital setting (Dwyer, Mosel, 2002; Gombotz, Weh, Mitterndorfer Rehak, 2006). Moreover, the nurses are more efficient in training of automated external defibrillation (AED) as stated by Xanthos et al.2009. Bardy et al (2008) point out that due to the effectiveness of automated external defibrillation, it becomes recommended in public places such as; public places are: airports, schools, restaurants, planes, and crowded places. Furthermore they recommend that the AED machine is red in color with instructions for use. In spite of the effectiveness of AED in cardiac patients, a better understanding and knowledge about the use of AEDs is required (Hancock, Roebuck, Farrer Campbell, 2006; Martinez-Rubio, et al.2003).Therefore, the authors` see a need to explore how Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) education can enhance and improve nursing skills and knowledge in the use of AED in order to reduce mortality rate in cardiac patients. BACKGROUND Automated external defibrillation www.priceit.in AED is an electronic devise which has two paddles; sternum and apex which can help to deliver the shock to the heart of the patient. This machine has been created and upgraded to convert the VT and Ventricular fibrillation (VF) to sinus normal heart rhythms, which are the most emergency situation that needs immediate medical intervention (Anas, Lee, Hasan, 2010). Moreover AED may be used in hospital setting or out of the hospital setting (Nettina, 2001). Winkle (2010) stated that around 250 000 victims are dying in United States of America every year caused by cardiac arrest 40% are resulting of VF.Therefore medical staff must be aware ,trained in using AED to enhance the quality of life of cardiac arrest patient. However, using this machine needs medical education and knowledge as stated by (Ammirati et al.2011).As mentioned above Brown, Rittenberger, Ammon, Harrington Guyette (2010) stated AED can have affect only in shockable rhythms like VF. Types of automated external defibrillation There are two types of AED: Monophesic which gives (360 joules) and the secound type is Biphasic which gives 150-200 joules (Sraj, 2005). The different between the two types: according to (Sraj, 2005): Feature Monophesic Biphasic Direction of the current Moves in one direction only from paddle Moves in both direction (first positive direction then in milliseconds in a negative direction Joules Form 360 150 (Some machines can go up 200) Potential myocardial damage More damaging less damaging Efficacy 93% in laboratory trails 99% in laboratory trails Ventricular tachycardia (VT) Ventricular tachycardia is a heart rhythm described as a run of three or more premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) (Lewis, Heitkemper, Dirksen, OBrien Bucher, 2007, p. 854). VT clinical association VT occurs with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), cardiomyopathy, significant electrolyte imbalance, mitral valve prolapse, long QT syndrome, some medicine toxicity like digitalis and central nervous system disease. Furthermore, this type of dysrhythmia can be notice in non cardiac patients (Lewis et al, 2007). VT clinical significance Patient with VT may be found with pulse or pulseless and VT if persistent can lead to decrease in Carbon monoxide (CO) due to decreasing of ventricular filling times and loss of atrial contraction. All this finding can lead to several complications which include; hypotension, pulmonary edema, cerebral blood flow will decrease and cardiopulmonary arrest (Lewis et al, 2007). VT treatment This type of dysrhythmia can be treated simply if the causes identified like; electrolyte imbalance and ischemia. If the VT is monomorphic (patient has appearance of all the beats match each other in each lead of a surface electrocardiogram) and patient with pulse, Procaimade, Sotalol, Amiodarone or Lidocaine Intravenous injection (IV) can be used. If the patient in polymorphic (has beat-to-beat variations in morphology) VT with prolonged baseline QT interval Magnesium, Isoprterenol, Lidocaine Intravenous injection can be administer. If the patient has no pulse it must be taken in high priority level emergency case, in this condition CPR and defibrillation are the first line if treatment (Lewis et al, 2007). Ventricular fibrillation (VF) Ventricular fibrillation is described as a heart rhythm witha severe derangement of the rhythm characterized on electrocardiogram (ECG) by irregular undulation of varying shapes and amplitude (Lewis et al., 2007, p. 855). VF clinical association VF can occur in acute myocardial infarction (MI), myocardial ischemic disease like Coronary Artery Disease and cardiomyopathy. Furthermore this type of abnormal heart rhythm can be associated with coronary reperfusion after fibrinolytic therapy. Other VF clinical associations are like electric shock, hypekalemia, drug toxicity and acidosis (Lewis et al, 2007). VF clinical significance Patient with VF can be found unconscious, pulseless and apneic condition and if this type of dysrhythmia not treated immediately and rapidly patient will die (Lewis et al, 2007). VF treatment VF is life-threatening condition and the best treatment for this dysrhythmia is the CPR and Advance Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) with using defibrillation immediately if available (Lewis et al, 2007). Cardiac arrest It is the sudden loss heart function either the victim is diagnosed as a heart disease or not, which occur within minutes after symptoms appear. (American Heart.org.2011). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a combination of oral resuscitation (mouth-to-mouth breathing), which supplies oxygen to the lungs, and external cardiac massage (chest compression), which is intended to normalize cardiac function and blood circulation(Kozier, Erb, Snyder Berman, 2008, P.1419). American Heart Association (2011) has emphasized the updated CPR guidelines for the chest compression rate is rate is 100 compressions per-minute. Defibrillation It is a process of administering the electrical shock to an individual heart for stop any abnormality heart impulse such For VT and restore the normal heart rhythm (Kozier, Erb, Snyder Berman, 2008). Public Access Defibrillation (PAD) It is a program that improves the automated external defibrillator in public facilities (Federal occupational health,2010). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation / automated external defibrillation provider An employee, who has finished or completed training in CPR, in addition has knowledge and understands an AED operation (Sraj, 2005). Chain of survival It is that access which concentrates on the increasing of the survival chance .according to these components: Early access to care (local emergency medical system number) Early CPR. Early defibrillation. Early advance of care. www.circ.ahajournals.org Sequence of actions when nursehealth provider is using an automated external defibrillator These procedures should be following when the patientvictim is unconscious or not breathing Start with calling for help then start with CPR if the AED not available immediately. 1-When the AED arrives: Continue CPR until the AED is switched on in case of more than one rescuer. If you are alone stop CPR and switch on the AED. Follow the voice instruction. Pads attaching to the patientvictim chest (the positive pad is placed on the patientsvictims left chest below the nipple, whereas the negative pads is placed on the victimspatients right upper chest above the nipple to the right from patient s perspective of the sternum). Be sure that no body touches the patientvictim during the AEDis analyzing the rhythm. 2-When the shock is needed: . Be sure that nobody is touching the patientvictim. Push the shock button as instruction Follow the voice instruction. 3-When no shock is needed: Continue CPR using a ratio of 30 compression to 2 rescue breathes Follow the voice instruction. Doing these procedures till the patient starts to regaining consciousness signs such as coughing, movement and breathing or you become tired (Nettina, 2001; Sraj, 2005). Precautions in the use of automated external defibrillation Sraj (2005) has emphasized several precautions which must be taken into consideration by the AEDs operator before using it. Furthermore, these precautions are very important in keeping the operator and the patient in a safe and secure environment. These precautions are; Unresponsiveness The rescuer should check the patients level of consciousness, pulse and any signs of life like moving or coughing. This step is very important step to avoid any problems or misusing of AED. Wet chest Due to water and sweat AED might not be very effective. So In order to get defibrillations effectiveness use the piece of cloth which is kept in the AED kit to dry the chest Moving vehicle Using AED devise needs special care especially during the transportation of the patient. In case of using moving vehicle it may affect AEDs analyzing the heart rhythm which can lead to wrong analysis. Flammable materials Try to avoid using any flammable materials like alcohol and stop any flammable gases like oxygen .using these flammable materials can make fire due to the expected spark from the shock. Chest patches Be close to the patient and scan for any nitroglycerine patches and remove it right away before attaching the AEDs paddles. These patches can make burn to the patients chest. Metal surface Avoid using the metal or any electric conductive surface because the ability of transmitting the shock to the rescuers or any persons nearby. Pacemaker The rescuer should look to the patients chest closely and identify if this patient using pacemaker especially if its implanted one. Try to attach the paddles one to one and have inches distance from the pacemaker to avoid destroying the pacemakers batteries. Age consideration AED is not recommended to be used in children under age of 8 especially in unadjusted energy AEDs. Hands off The users during analyzing the heart rhythm must be hands off to avoid analyzing disturbance. Furthermore the users and any person nearby must be clear before delivering the shock avoiding the transmission of the shock to them. Wireless devices The nearby people they must not use their wireless devices like cell phone and especially during the analyzing heart rhythm and delivering shock process. These devices can cause trouble made by waves interference which may influence the analysis. Education in a clinical setting Education can be defined as a learning opportunity which is planned by an individual or a committee to reach a related objective (Rogers, 2002). One of the main differences between nurse education and education of children in school is, that nurse education is based upon the theory and practice of adult learning. Furthermore, there are different teaching strategies, some of these teaching strategies like; lectures method, (lecturers) are the main instrument in this method. Experiential learning depends on learning result from experience. Last method is pairs exercise in this method the group members are asked to from pairs then work together (Quinn Hughes, 2007). The coordinators and teachers must chose the best teaching strategy accordingly and provide good learning environment to achieve teaching program goals (Quinn Hughes, 2007). McEwen Willss, (2007) have referred to one of the grand theory which is Henderson theory. The Henderson theory is focusing on the important of education for medical team, patient and families that translate to practice and experience to improve the quality of care. If this research has been done in a clinical setting it can enhance the education. Categorization of learning theories McEwen Willss, (2007) have mentioned, that sometime it will come to the nurses mind a question why is it very important to be aware of about the process of learning and to understand learning theories. The importance of understanding learning theories is to describe the process used to get about changes in the way individuals understand information and skills or tasks. Moreover, Bigge Shermis (1999) categorized the learning theories to two categories which are; Behavioral learning theories Behavioral learning theories which depend on behavior response and ignore the feeling, thoughts and cognitive processes of the student. In addition, behavioral learning theories were the first widely used in education and these types of learning theories includes the work of Pavlov, Skinner and others. Furthermore, these types of learning theories persistent in the American educational system in 1959s and 1960s, as well as behavioral learning theories enhance the American educational system in 20th century (McEwen Willss, 2007). Cognitive learning theories Cognitive learning theories which based on the mental processes and activities which go within the student. These type of theories start to get wide thrust in 1960s. Moreover, Jean Piaget is the most important theorists in cognitive science which developed main components of his theory in 1920s (McEwen Willss, 2007). Teaching approach Teaching can be defined most of the time as the facilitation of learning and is passing on to intentional act of communicating information (Bastable, 2003). To achieve this, the teachers must know the learning methods and the individual needs and connect them to instruction (Forrest, 2004). Skill and knowledge Skill is defined as a goal-directed, well organized behavior that is acquired through practice and performed with economy of effort (Proctor Dutta, 1995, p.18). Knowledge can be defined, as set of organized statements of facts or ideas, presenting a reasoned judgment or an experimental result, which is transmitted to others through some communication medium in some systematic form (Bell, 1976, p.175). Up to date, there are a lot of research articles regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation education and use of an automated external defibrillation. Therefore it is important to identify teaching approaches and critically evaluate the effect of the education on skills and knowledge. The effect of Cardiopulmonary resuscitation education on nurses skill and knowledge Kardong ,Oermann,Odom,Ha (2010) conclude in their article if the nurses used manikin with voice advisory they will be more competent than the nurses how used normal manikin without voice advisory. Furthermore the median number of chest compression before Basic Life Support course was three and so fast, but after BLS training increased to 13 as stated by (Mellor Woollard, 2010). In addition, Madden (2010) found in his study that, the nurses are more confidant and competent in case of cardiac emergency situation after CPR training. AIM The aim of this literature review was to describe teaching approaches for cardiopulmonary resuscitation education in relation to acquired skills and knowledge in the use of an automated external defibrillation in a cardiac arrest situation in a clinical setting. Research questions Which teaching approaches are used for cardiopulmonary resuscitation education when nurses use an automated external defibrillation in a cardiac arrest situation in a clinical setting? What effect has the cardiopulmonary resuscitation education on nurses` skills in their use of an automated external defibrillation in a cardiac arrest situation in a clinical setting? What effect has the cardiopulmonary resuscitation education on nurses` knowledge when an automated external defibrillation is used in a cardiac arrest situation in a clinical setting? METHOD The method chosen for this study is a literature review with a systematic approach. A literature review is a critical summary of research on a topic of interest, often prepared to put a research problem in context (Polit Beck, 2008, p.757). Literature search The literature search was carried out in PubMed which is a data base that anyone, anywhere in the world with internet access can search for journal articles and permanent resource regardless of your institutional affiliation (Polit Beck, 2008, p.757). MeSH terms are created by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). PubMed, works through searching in National Library of Medicine (NLMs) Web site, it helps the researchers to get full text of the articles from biomedical literature and helps to access further links to selected life sciences journals not in MEDLINE (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2010). The search strategies were made by combining MeSH terms in PubMed and the result of this database search are shown in Table 1. In order to get relevant original articles to this literature review the authors have used Mesh term and limited the research which published in the last 10 years between 2001-2011, English human and any age. Table 1. Database search in Pubmed. Database Key word Identified articles (hits) Abstracts reviewed Articles examined Articles Included Date for search Pubmed 22032011 (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation[Mesh]) AND Education, Nursing, Continuing[Mesh] 41 41 23 4 Pubmed 22032011 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation[Mesh] nursing skill 22 21 21 4 Pubmed 22032011 (education [Subheading]) AND Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation[Mesh] 725 500 30 11 Key words In this literature review the authors completed this research with the following key words; (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation AND Education, Nursing, Continuing[Mesh], Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation[Mesh] nursing skill and (Education [Subheading]) AND Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation[Mesh]. Identified original articles had to be published in peer-reviewed journals with an available abstract and had to focus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation education in relation to the use of an automated external defibrillation in a cardiac arrest situation in a clinical setting. Furthermore studies on adult, children eight years and older, SVT-VT patients and nurses were included. Non medical people and younger children (less than eight years), patients with pacemaker and refusal of informed consent were excluded, as were studies that did not involve health-care professionals in clinical settings. The primary search yielded 19 original articles of interest. In addition bibliographic searches revealed X articles. The articles are presented in the matrix (Appendix 1). The selected articles were assessed independently by the authors using Appendix 1Sophiahemmet University College classification guide of academic articles and studies regarding quality in both quantitative and qualitative research (Appendix 2). The studies were classified as Randomised controlled trial (RCT), Clinical controlled trial (CCT), Non- controlled study (P), Retrospective study (R) or Qualitative study (Q). Scientific quality of the studies was assessed on a three-grade scale:  high- (I), moderate- (II) or low- (III) quality. The authors` intended to work systematically by highlighting the similar words in the articles e.g., AED, clinical setting, skills and knowledge and discuss on regular basis to compare and discuss responses to the research questions. This literature review content the cardiopulmonary resuscitation education in relation to acquired skills and knowledge in the use of an automated external defibrillation in resuscitation situation in hospitals for most of the medical professionals like; doctors, technicians and nursing staff, but the authors will focus on nursing staff avoiding the vagueness of this literature review. Manual search can be defined as finding an original article which has been used in literature review (Polit Beck, 2008). ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS The ethical consideration which are so important in this literature review, include the authors must check who is the sponsor of the study because it includes the use of technology Furthermore the authors must assess if the participants in the reviewed studies were informed and consented before they participated, especially in case of patients are involved. Finally, the authors must clarify if these studies have got approval from the ethical committees (Spouse, 2003). RESULTS 19 primary published articles have been reviewed by the authors` in this study which have focused on Teaching approaches used for cardiopulmonary resuscitation education when nurses use an automated external defibrillation in a cardiac arrest situation in a clinical setting and the Effect of cardiopulmonary resuscitation education on nurses` skills knowledge in their use of an automated external defibrillation in a cardiac arrest situation in a clinical setting. Results from the studies are chosen which are relevant to this study`s aim and research questions The selected results from the primary published articles have been categorized under the following headings; Teaching approaches used for cardiopulmonary resuscitation education when nurses use an automated external defibrillation in a cardiac arrest situation in a clinical setting Perkins, Hulme, Bion, (2002) stated in their article that , peer tuition is the one type of teaching approach which depends on peer of tutors with exceptional teaching background and experience by lecture-led CPR training. However, it pointed out that, in spite of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and AED skills performance enhance with peer tuition, knowledge remained the same over the participants. The quality of performance can be improved with audible feedback system (Noordergraaf, et al.2006). Furthermore, if audible feedback system has been used there is significant improvement in skill acquisition and skill retention has been reported that is available in automated external defibrillation (Handley Handley, 2003) Szà ¶gedi , Zrà ­nyi , Betlehem, Ujvà ¡rinà © Tà ³th(2010) defined problem-based learning as one of learning methods which organize the knowledge in clinical setting ,strengthens to motivate the students to learn, enhances clinical reasoning skills, and improve self-directed and continues education. Furthermore they concluded this method is better and more efficient method form the traditional method which is class room during cardiopulmonary education. Moreover this method can enhance and improve the outcome of cardiopulmonary education which can lead to better understanding and skill demonstrating during resuscitation in clinical setting. The other teaching approach which has been emphasized by Bjà ¸rshol, Lindner, Sà ¸reide , Moen Sunde(2009) is manikin and 24-min video instruction during cardiopulmonary resuscitation training. They made a study on hospital employees by distributing 5118 personal manikins.3466 responded to the first questionnaire the result can be seen in table 2 Table 2. Questionnaire administered to all hospital employees before receiving their personal resuscitation manikin. Question Answer Number of replies What is your age? 43 ( ±11) years 3445 What is your gender? Female: 87% 3298 Male: 13% How long ago did you have training in basic life support (BLS)? 15 (8-60) months 3295 Never: 296 How well do you feel that you are trained in BLS (1-5, 1  =  very bad and 5  =  very good)? 3.1 ( ±1.0) 3412 Have you been in a situation where you needed skills in BLS, whether at work or not? Yes, at work: 1121 (33%) 3425 Yes, outside work: 363 (11%) No: 2071 (60%) Altogether 908 replied to second questionnaire which they attended the classroom training the result can seen in table 2 Table 2. Questionnaire to all hospital employees nine months after receiving their personal resuscitation manikin. Question Answer Number of replies Where did you perform the BLS training with your MiniAnne manikin? Hospital meeting room: 908 (65%) 1397 Own dept.: 366 (26%) At home: 73 (5%) Did not participate: 120 (9%) How long ago did you train with your MiniAnne manikin? 39 (26-48) weeks 1184 How well do you feel that you are trained in BLS (1-5, 1  =  very bad and 5  =  very good)? 3.8 ( ±0.8) 1333 How many persons, in addition to yourself, have trained on BLS with your MiniAnne manikin/self-instruction movie? 1 (0-3) 1165 Have you experienced any discomfort using the manikin? Yes: 49 (4%) 1272 No: 1223 (96%) After receiving the participants their personal manikin by six month the result is displayed in table 3 Table 3. Number of study subjects performing different BLS tasks before and six months after BLS training with a personal resuscitation manikin and video instruction (percentages in brackets). The number of correct chest compressions and mouth-to-mouth ventilations are measured for 2  min after initiation of BLS (interquartile range in brackets). Before BLS training, n  =  59 Six months after BLS training, n  =  39 P value Assessed responsiveness 42 (71) 34 (87) 0.02 Opened airways before assessing respiration 10 (17) 17 (44) 0.01 Assessed respiration 42 (71) 28 (72) 0.73 Pulse check 34 (58) 13 (33) 0.02 Called for help before starting BLS 45 (76) 32 (82) 0.61 Correct telephone number for EMS activation 56 (98) 39 (100) Ns Correct compression :ventilation (C:V) ratio 32 (54) 36 (98) Number of correct chest compressions 60 (5-102) 119 (75-150) Number of correct mouth-to-mouth ventilations 3 (0-8) 4 (0-7) 0.23 After finalizing the result by Bjà ¸rshol , Lindner , Sà ¸reide , Moen Sunde(2009) they came to that cardiopulmonary resuscitation training with manikin and video instruction benefit and improve the staff self-confidence and clinical basic life support skill. In other hands using assessment of cardiopulmonary resuscitation defibrillation (CPR-D) nursing skills and informing the leaders is necessary to give information for kind of education they need seems to improve resuscitation performance (Mà ¤kinen, et al.2007). Spearpoint, Gruber Brett (2009) mentioned in their article that permanent cardiopulmonary education as one of the teaching approaches. Moreover they stated that , The simplicity, continuous and quality of the education on basic life support program are affected on CPR performance and hospitals cardiac arrest through increasing patient discharge and decrease the cardiac arrest. There was study done by Moule , Albarran , Bessant , Brownfield Pollock (2008) in united kingdom comparing two teaching met

Essay on the Dilemma of Billy Budd -- Billy Budd Essays

The Dilemma of Billy Budd    Herman Mellville's Billy Budd is and extremely divisive novel when one considers the dissension it has generated. The criticism has essentially focused around the argument of acceptance vs. resistance. On the one hand we can read the story as accepting the hanging of Billy Budd as the necessary ends of justice. We can read Vere's condemnation as a necessary military action performed in the name of preserving order aboard the Indomitable. On the other hand, we can argue that Billy's execution as the greatest example of injustice.    The question has been asked if Vere's conduct is right or wrong. In either case, since Billy Budd is an ethical text, it is very odd that there is an absence of the emotion guilt.   Billy Budd is a story about two murders. Billy kills Claggart and Vere (although indirectly, the decision is ultimately his) kills Budd. Neither of the murderers demonstrate guilt in the form of remorse. For a narrative that tries to put the reader in a moral and ethical position, it is ironic that the characters themselves don't exhibit what would seem most ethical.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ... ... To read the story as either accepting or resisting an ethical dilemma is perhaps debatable. The point of the story may be to state man's need to punish and retaliate with injury through means that may be befogged. The reader may be upset with the death of Billy Budd not for the seemingly unjust killing of a sympathetic character, but for its illustration of a society coming apart at the seams; one which doesn't necessarily make sense considering human nature, but one that is so closely linked to social systems, it is doubtful that it could ever be changed.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Financial Accounting Theory Essay

The article â€Å"GM to Take Charge of $20. 8-Billion† here reproduced from The Globe and Mail (February 2, 1993) describes the potential impact of SFAS 106, â€Å"Accounting for Postretirement Benefits Other Than Pensions,† on General Motors and Ford. For example, it appears that General Motors will be required to record a liability of $20. 8 billion, reducing its shareholders’ equity from $27. 8 billion to $7 billion, about a 75% reduction. Describe and explain how you would expect the efficient securities market to react to this information. SFAS 106, Accounting for Postretirement Benefits Other Than Pensions: â€Å"This Statement establishes accounting standards for employers’ accounting for postretirement benefits other than pensions. It will significantly change the prevalent current practice of accounting for postretirement benefits on a pay-as-you-go (cash) basis by requiring accrual, during the years that the employee renders the necessary service, of the expected cost of providing those benefits to an employee and the employee’s beneficiaries and covered dependents. In exchange for the current services provided by the employee, the employer promises to provide, in addition to current wages and other benefits, health and other welfare benefits after the employee retires. It follows from that view that postretirement benefits are not gratuities but are part of an employee’s compensation for services rendered. This Statement relies on a basic premise of generally accepted accounting principles that accrual accounting provides more relevant and useful information than does cash basis accounting. Accrual accounting goes beyond cash transactions and attempts to recognize the financial effects of noncash transactions and events as they occur. Recognition and measurement of the accrued obligation to provide postretirement benefits will provide users of financial statements with the opportunity to assess the financial consequences of employers’ compensation decisions. In applying accrual accounting to postretirement benefits, this Statement adopts three fundamental aspects of pension accounting: delayed recognition of certain events, reporting net cost, and offsetting liabilities and related assets. (FASB, 2012) I would expect the efficient securities market to find this practice acceptable. â€Å"Accrual-based accounting is more effective than cash-based accounting. A few arguments to support this theory are: certain cash receipts and disbursements are â€Å"lumpy,† within operating cash flows receipts and payments can be lumpy, accrual-based accounting is a better predictor of a company’s long-term financial performance. Also all formal statements need to be set up using accrual-based accounting, and publicly traded companies need to use accrual-based accounting to conform to GAAP standards (Keener, 2012). 2. Chapter 4: Problem 12 (Imax) a. To what extent can revenue growth substitute for net income as a predictor of future earning power? Explain. Use efficient securities market concepts in your answer, and consider the requirement under GAAP for immediate writeoff of research and startup costs. â€Å"Both revenue growth and net income are useful in determining the financial strength of a company, but they are not interchangeable. Net income describes how efficient a company is with its spending and operating costs and how effect ively it has been controlling total costs. Revenue, on the other hand, only indicates how effective a company is at generating sales and does not take into consideration operating efficiencies which could have a dramatic impact on net income (Investopedia, 2012). † â€Å"Start-up costs are defined as â€Å"those unusual one-time costs incurred in putting a new plant into operation, opening a new sales outlet, initiating a new process in an existing plant, or otherwise commencing some new operation (FASB, 2012). † †Costs of start-up activities, including organization costs, should be expensed as incurred (FASB, 2012). â€Å"Definition of ‘Revenue Recognition’ An accounting principle under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) that determines the specific conditions under which income becomes realized as revenue. Generally, revenue is recognized only when a specific critical event has occurred and the amount of revenue is measurable. ‘Revenue Recognition’ explained For mo st businesses, income is recognized as revenue whenever the company delivers or performs its product or service and receives payment for it. However, there are several situations in which exceptions may apply. For example, if a company’s business has a very high rate of product returns, revenue should only be recognized after the return period expires. Companies can sometimes play around with revenue recognition to make their financial figures look better. For example, if XYZ Corp. wants to hide the fact that it is having a bad year in sales, it may choose to recognize income that has not yet been collected as revenue in order to boost its sales revenue for the year (Investopedia, 2012). † b. Use the concept of relevance to defend the revenue recognition policies outlined above. Relevant financial statements give information to investors about the firm’s future economic prospects (Scott, 2009). † c. Use the concept of reliability to criticize the revenue recognition policies outlined above. â€Å"To be reliable, information must have representational faithfulness and it must be verifiable and neutral (Scott, 2009). † d. To the extent that investors are awar e of the possible use of revenue recognition policies that overstate revenues (even though, for a specific firm, they may not know the extent to which that firm is using such policies), what is the effect on the operation of the capital market? Explain. â€Å"Investors have prior beliefs about a firm’s future performance. These prior beliefs will be based on all available information. If net income is high, or higher than expected, this may be good news. If so, investors would revise upward their beliefs about future performance. Other investors, who perhaps had overly high expectations for what current net income should be, might interpret the same net income number as bad news. Investors who have revised their beliefs about future performance upward will be inclined to buy the firm’s shares at their current market price, and vice versa for those who have revised their beliefs downward. We would expect to observe the volume of shares traded to increase when the firm reports its net income. Furthermore, this volume should be greater the greater are the differences in investors’ prior beliefs and in their interpretations of the current financial information (Scott, 2009). †

Free Essays on Managing Ethics

The organization of the future The organization of the future will be completely refined from the organization of today. Future organizations will focus more on three key aspects. These aspects include diversity, people (Human Resources), and technology. We all know that in order to manage it requires people. Man power is the key resource to any organization past, present or future. In order to understand the human resource of man power, we must first analyze the concept of diversity, and why it is so important. Though my research paper I emphasize how people, technology, and globalization are they key to business success. The main concept that I will stress is that above aspects all work together in the world of business. Why is organizational diversity important? Historically, diversity in the workplace has been recognized as an employment equity issue. Now, however, diversity in the workplace is being recognized as a benefit that will contribute to an organization’s bottom line. Increased employee and customer satisfaction end up as increased productivity, all of which are measurable outcomes (Bennis, 1997). Diversity goes beyond employment equity to nurturing an environment that values the differences and maximizes the potential of all employees, one that stimulates employee creativity and innovativeness (U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board (U.S. MSPB), 1993). To create an organizational culture that supports workforce diversity involves several important elements. These elements include a needs analysis, administrative and management support and commitment, education and training, culture and management systems changes and continuous follow-up and evaluation. Management is, by definition, getting things done through people. If managers are to increase productivity, reduce costs, and improve their organization's competitive advantage, they must focus on how to properly manage personnel. Creating effective motivation ... Free Essays on Managing Ethics Free Essays on Managing Ethics The organization of the future The organization of the future will be completely refined from the organization of today. Future organizations will focus more on three key aspects. These aspects include diversity, people (Human Resources), and technology. We all know that in order to manage it requires people. Man power is the key resource to any organization past, present or future. In order to understand the human resource of man power, we must first analyze the concept of diversity, and why it is so important. Though my research paper I emphasize how people, technology, and globalization are they key to business success. The main concept that I will stress is that above aspects all work together in the world of business. Why is organizational diversity important? Historically, diversity in the workplace has been recognized as an employment equity issue. Now, however, diversity in the workplace is being recognized as a benefit that will contribute to an organization’s bottom line. Increased employee and customer satisfaction end up as increased productivity, all of which are measurable outcomes (Bennis, 1997). Diversity goes beyond employment equity to nurturing an environment that values the differences and maximizes the potential of all employees, one that stimulates employee creativity and innovativeness (U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board (U.S. MSPB), 1993). To create an organizational culture that supports workforce diversity involves several important elements. These elements include a needs analysis, administrative and management support and commitment, education and training, culture and management systems changes and continuous follow-up and evaluation. Management is, by definition, getting things done through people. If managers are to increase productivity, reduce costs, and improve their organization's competitive advantage, they must focus on how to properly manage personnel. Creating effective motivation ...

Free Essays on The Contender

The book The Contender was written by Robert Lipsyte. The setting of this book takes place in Harlem, New York with a boy named Alfred Brooks. Alfred Brooks is a young black man who had dropped out of high school because he didn’t like it, and now works at a local grocery shop, stocking self’s and cleaning up around the store. Alfred moved in with his Aunt Pearl and her daughters when he was 10 years old, after his mother had passed away with pneumonia. Alfred’s best friend James Mosely gets involved with the wrong crowd, and starts taking drugs and drinking instead of hang out with Alfred, and going to see movies every weekend. About this time in the story is when Alfred starts to get interested in boxing, after being beat up by these â€Å"friends† or bad influences that his friend James was hanging out with. Throughout the whole story Alfred still cared about his friend James, and didn’t want to see him get hurt. Through all the trying things tha t happened to Alfred in this book it made him a stronger friend, and also a stronger person in general. At the end of the story Alfred decides to go back and take his high school classes at night, and also promises to help James with his addiction to drugs, by finding him a drug rehab center. In the book The Contender Alfred Brooks shows many examples of maturing, as the story unfolds. He is very responsible and compassionate toward his Aunt Pearl and the girls, because he wants the best for them. Alfred gave the majority of his paycheck to his aunt to help pay for their apartments rent. Alfred also gains wisdom by learning from all his mistakes. When he went to the clubhouse looking for James and he stayed there waiting for him, and in the mean time got drunk and high, he then began to think he was foolish for trying to become a boxer. The next day he went to Coney Island with Major and the other bad influences in a â€Å"stolen car†, Alfred then learned that he couldn’t trust them.... Free Essays on The Contender Free Essays on The Contender The book The Contender was written by Robert Lipsyte. The setting of this book takes place in Harlem, New York with a boy named Alfred Brooks. Alfred Brooks is a young black man who had dropped out of high school because he didn’t like it, and now works at a local grocery shop, stocking self’s and cleaning up around the store. Alfred moved in with his Aunt Pearl and her daughters when he was 10 years old, after his mother had passed away with pneumonia. Alfred’s best friend James Mosely gets involved with the wrong crowd, and starts taking drugs and drinking instead of hang out with Alfred, and going to see movies every weekend. About this time in the story is when Alfred starts to get interested in boxing, after being beat up by these â€Å"friends† or bad influences that his friend James was hanging out with. Throughout the whole story Alfred still cared about his friend James, and didn’t want to see him get hurt. Through all the trying things tha t happened to Alfred in this book it made him a stronger friend, and also a stronger person in general. At the end of the story Alfred decides to go back and take his high school classes at night, and also promises to help James with his addiction to drugs, by finding him a drug rehab center. In the book The Contender Alfred Brooks shows many examples of maturing, as the story unfolds. He is very responsible and compassionate toward his Aunt Pearl and the girls, because he wants the best for them. Alfred gave the majority of his paycheck to his aunt to help pay for their apartments rent. Alfred also gains wisdom by learning from all his mistakes. When he went to the clubhouse looking for James and he stayed there waiting for him, and in the mean time got drunk and high, he then began to think he was foolish for trying to become a boxer. The next day he went to Coney Island with Major and the other bad influences in a â€Å"stolen car†, Alfred then learned that he couldn’t trust them....

The Famous American Criminal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

The Famous American Criminal - Essay Example He beheaded twelve of his victims and kept some heads at his apartment as a memento. Occasionally, he would break into people’s homes in the middle of the night and beat them to death. Bundy was initially charged in the year 1975 in the US state of Utah for kidnapping and attempted murder, which led to a long list of cases of murders in different states. Bundy managed to escape the prison twice from 1975 onwards during which, he committed more murders. He was ultimately captured in the year 1978 in Florida. In two distinct trials, Bundy was given three death sentences for the murders he had committed in Florida. Bundy expressed his views upon the art of crime in these words, â€Å"You learn what you need to kill and take care of the details. It's like changing a tire. The first time you're careful. By the thirtieth time, you can't remember where you left the lug wrench† (Bundy cited in â€Å"Ted Bundy Quotes†). Bundy attributed his madness and craziness to the st uff shown in the media. At one point, he said, â€Å"there lots of other kids playing in streets around this country today who are going to be dead tomorrow, and the next day, and the next day and month, because other young people are reading the kinds of things and seeing the kinds of things that are available in the media today† (Bundy cited in â€Å"The 14 Creepiest†). Although he confessed having killed 30 women, the true number was never revealed by him (Bell). Ted Bundy was executed on 24 January 1989. He was executed on an electric chair at Florida’s Raiford Prison.