The Impact of Social Networking

Since the new millennium occurred, social networking sites have been popping up everywhere, from Friendster, to MySpace, to Facebook. Setting apart the old way of communicating, by telephone, letters, and in person is having a negative impact on us. People young and old have found themselves addicted to well, basically themselves. People post pictures of themselves, update their status constantly and write blogs hoping someone else will credit it. With all of that said, these social networking sites seem to be causing more bad than good. Teenagers are a vast majority of those using these sites. Do social networking sites hurt teenagers? People of all ages use social networking sites to keep in touch with friends and family. Not everyone can see someone on an everyday basis, nor call them every day. Being able to talk to people in your life all at one time is a great idea. Meeting new people is an advantage also. Finding those who have the same qualities and hobbies as you can make an instant friendship. â€Å"Researchers say social-networking sites are shortening attention spans, encouraging instant gratification, and making young people more self-focused. (What Impact) By being on the internet so often teenagers are accustomed to caring more about themselves than anything else. â€Å"A large majority of teens (71%) have established online profiles† (Teen Internet). If 71% of teenagers have an online profile, and researchers say it is shorting their attention spans, what is that to say about our future? Social networking sites are more about me me me than keeping in contact, as if the whole thing was just a popularity contest. This constant attention battle takes a toll on the brain, â€Å"A British neurologist warns that extended use of the sites actually rewires the brain, causing teenagers to require constant reassurance that they exist† (What Impact). Thus why they check and update their profiles multiple times a day. Social networks in a way make it seem like your living in a small town or village, where everyone around you knows every aspect of your life. But because we purposely want that, it is making us more concerned with ourselves. Most of these people teenagers talk to in the irst place are people they see almost every day at school, work, and etc. Even if they conversed with someone during the day, they still continue to talk to them on the internet. Being able to keep in contact with friends and family is very important. Right now in our time people use the internet all of the time to talk to friends and family â€Å"The current generation is never unconnected. They’re never losing touch with their friends† (Thompson). With the fast pace life style teenagers and young adults face, the internet is an ideal way to keep up to date with all the things happening around you. Especially for college students does this come in handy, being able to contact someone with the click of a button, while also writing a paper or doing homework. Multi tasking plays a large role in the success rate of social networks. While on the telephone with on person, it can be hard to focus on doing something else but when you are on the computer you can talk to multiple people at once while still doing other activities. Socal networks can also help you to find people you have not seen in years. They have search engines within, so finding an old class mate or an old friend from your kindergarten class is not a problem.

Why Are The Arts Important Education Essay

Humanistic disciplines are accomplishments or trades that are inspired by an person to portion and convey information of one ‘s ideas, thoughts, and emotions, beliefs among them, others and the universe around them. Elliot Eisner ( 2005 ) likewise states that humanistic disciplines can heighten single or group communicating when spoken or written linguistic communication – medium of communicating with others failed. In some civilizations, art is portion of mundane life, whilst others it is non-essential. Hence, art instruction is a challenge for national policymakers to make up one's mind whether it is necessary for art to be taught in the instruction course of study ( AARE ) . Furthermore, learning attacks of humanistic disciplines in schools are frequently structured and supervised by grownups, who made regulations about how art should look, and kids ‘s incompetent or incapable of doing artistic determinations ( Perry, Rosemay & A ; Irwin, 2000 ) . However Derham ( 1961 ) advocated that grownups should non oppugn about kids ‘s thoughts in art plants, even opposed any activities that are two-channel typewriting and led by grownups. Upon researching early childhood theories, art instruction in early childhood laid accent on importance of societal interaction ( Bodrova & A ; Leong,2007 ) . Smith ( 1993 ) further described it as a new manner of concerted acquisition, where kids and grownups interchange accomplishments, cognition and thoughts enhance kids ‘s thought and challenged kids ‘s perceptual experience on humanistic disciplines. In 1980s, research findings by Kindler ( 1996 ) , Wright ( 1991 ) and Matthews ( 1999 ) documented and shown importance of instructor ‘s function in steering and enabling kids ‘s capacities as originative, competent minds. Hence, arts instruction yet once more shifted from a natural, self-expression to a dynamic, societal interaction between grownups and kids in acquisition ( McArdle & A ; Piscitelli, 2002 ) . Community coaction with kids and grownups provides chances of larning which combine physical, rational, creativeness and job work outing accomplishments of immature kids ( Kolbe, 2001 ) . Surveies conducted by Pugh ( 2010 ) found important differences of kids who are extremely involved in humanistic disciplines activities and those with small or no engagement, where they are found to be more assurance and positive in their attitudes and behaviors. In add-on, Brouillette ( 2010 ) surveies that art enable kids to make a healthier societal competency. Art instruction facilitates kids to develop good apprehension of responses, emotional looks and actions of other people ( Davies,1993 ) . As kids learn to understand what to be expected from others and what societal address should be used in different state of affairss ; the ability to research and utilize art media to show one ‘s desires, feelings, and even frights ( Rogers & A ; Evans, 2008 ) . Research findings proven by Rogers and Rose ( 2007 ) as interpersonal interaction additions, first-class conflict-resolution accomplishments and job work outing temperament come at the same time. In the fast gait epoch of 20 first century, Rogoff ( 2003 ) finds kids are frequently pushed to see tonss of exciting larning activities, and no longer hold a balance between quieting and extremely stirred activities. Consequently, kids faced troubles and challenges of settling in schoolroom construction. Furthermore, it besides added to kids ‘s unequal proficiency in societal competency and interpersonal interactions with others. ( Brouillette, 2010 ) Therefore, many states shifted the focal point and favoured active constructive, find acquisition in country of humanistic disciplines, and closely linked to their conceptual instruction model. ( Perry & A ; Irwin, 2000 ) When immature kids explore, experiment, usage and interpret information with others, it increase equal credence, construct positive equal relationship, better school attending, deepen involvement in school activities ‘ engagement and build a more competent and assurance self-pride in academic acquisition, every bit good as show involvement in beliefs, civilizations and values of others and compare these with theirs ( Smith,1992 ) .Pretend, dramatic, fantasy, inventive dramas strengthen societal emotional developmentSupplying immature kids chances to copy and copy actions in make-believe, dramatic, fantasy, inventive dramas from each other, kids learn explore, experiment and make new ways in critical thought and job resolution ( Kindler,1996b ) . Planing, sharing, lending and back uping to narrative information of dramas, offer kids suites to take on different functions in the dramatis personae ( Rogers & A ; Evans, 2008 ) . It aids and enhances kids to work together in little or large groups. Winston and Tandy ( 2009 ) stated as kids explore in group working, they learn how their equals use resources, stuffs and job solve in activities. Art is about believing and how the encephalon plants, comprehend and interact with others ( Arts in Schools Project,1990 ) . Dialogue can be one of the cardinal ways kids learn while organizing and sing in originative looks in dramas ( Pugh, 2010 ) . Social exchanges and expressed contemplations of kids involve on their brooding thought and thought procedure upon understanding ( Wright, 2000 ) . The conversations for kids to make and what they learn from their creative activity ; these are interactions of kids where they portion with each other from make-believe, dramatic, fantasy, inventive dramas ( Davies,1993 ) . Furthermore, dramas can be designed to bridge increasing spread and needs different diverseness of multicultural kids in schools in society when it is integrated into schoolroom construction. For case, integrating of early literacy accomplishments and humanistic disciplines cultivate cultural grasp in early childhood schoolrooms. Imagine how a new kid ‘s first school experience in wholly new environment – fearful, societal emphasis, cultural ambivalency, inability to pass on, what the kid might confront if school instructor has no cognition and schemes to make a culturally antiphonal schoolroom. However, if school integrates and creates chances for the new kid to lend information of native civilization and promote other kids to research narratives, art, music, and dance of the new kid ‘s place civilization. Together, they would larn each other ‘s alone life experiences, detecting things that make them so different, and yet particular. Children ‘s affectional demands of cognitive, emotional and rational safety in the school environment must be met in order for kids to boom academically. Children who feel insecure or socially Isolated, shut down cognitively. Emotionally nerve-racking places and or school environments have damaging effects on kids.Musical Exploration enhance academic acquisitionWhen a kid embarks into musical geographic expedition, reading of musical notation such as basic elements of beat and pitch helps foundation edifice for music. ( Bahna-James, 1991 ) Though larning spheres of music and mathematics may look contradictory, an increasing figure of surveies on kids ‘s engagement in musical activity and cognitive development in mathematics indicate a close connexion ( Young & A ; Glover,1998 ) . For case, beat in musical notation is numerical form of beats that represented by series of musical notes, runing from whole notes ( 1 round per step ) to one-fourth notes ( 4 beats per step ) and so on ( Wright, 2000 ) . Cardinal mathematical constructs are involved in order to understand the notes. Childs have to hold the ability to number the beats and the capableness to fraction notes to equal proportion. Musical composing helps kids to further sequence of musical development through phases of inventive drama, imitation and command. In musical developmental phases of a kid, the kid ‘s exposure, experience and command the environment, promote the developmental sequences in cognitive sweetening. From the debut of rattle shaking and return over vocal sound by health professional at infant age, innovation of ‘Babbling ‘ Musical at yearling age, imitation of musical expressive gestures in pre-school and formation and creative activity of new vocals at school age. The kid has wholly discovered the scheme of musical development. If chances are continue and revisited, composing of the kid ‘s development grows stronger and deeper as the ability to improvize, invent and create music. Swanwick ( 1998 ) mentioned that in Piaget ‘s theory the equilibrium of assimilation and adjustment set up sensori-motor intelligence, which later builds up conceptual intelligence of a kid in cognitive development ( Anning, 2009 ) . Producing a work of art engages kids to bring forth thoughts, and explore ways to show their emotions. Painting, playwriting, composing, artistic creative activity provide chances for them to see the procedure of art devising, which is valuable for heightening kids ‘s ability to larn within and beyond the humanistic disciplines. Art is one of the medium that people develop cultural sense and personal individuality ( Anning, 2009 ) . Art instruction in early childhood instruction, AIDSs immature kids by supplying chances to believe and larn in new ways, communicate with others and enrich the infinite they live in ( McArdle & A ; Piscitelli, 2002 ) . School and instructors duty and ability to happen imaginative ways to use limited resources and clip available to guarantee kids ‘s academic accomplishment, heighten societal and emotional growing of immature kids from different divergent background. Hence, by supplying positive consequence on these developments on kids particularly ‘at-risk ‘ kids, it would nurture sensory, cognitive, societal, emotional and neurobiological system. Furthermore, it helps to develop possible leading accomplishments, positive self-esteem and assurance, co-op of future coevals.

Burden Of Proof in Civil Cases Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Burden Of Proof in Civil Cases - Research Paper Example There is considerable literature that argue against the principals of the burden of proof. The statistical element of preponderance standard as construed by †¦ is not optimal, and he argues that that the adductive approach is used to quantify the degree in which evidence should be relied on. Since the burden of evidence is classically charged on the plaintiff. The burden of evidence makes the judicial process simpler but exposes the court to errors. The outcome of the case is dependent on the evidence presented by the plaintiff. The trial process may work in favor of the defendant especially in occasions where matters involved are not recordable. This article argues that despite the importance of the burden of proof in establishing liability of the defendant, it marked by considerable shortcoming that has led to inaccurate verdicts. The burden of proof is a critical aspect of adjudication systems. Louse Kaplow in his journal acknowledges that this concept has been subjected to minimal normative analysis. This article will explore the concept of burden of proof in civil litigation and how it hardly works in our adjudication systems (Kaplow, 2014). The litigant assumes the status quo. The plaintiff is charged with the responsibility of proving a claim by factual presentation beyond a reasonable doubt. The burden of prove creates a passive and just legal environment where the complainant shows a case while the defendant establishes some defense facts. There are classical norms and standard that the evidence presented should lie within. The plaintiff will present evidence that is considered by judge/jury for possible conviction of the defendant. The defendant does not have to proof his/her innocence but in the state stands in a court of law as a reference point.   

Soicalism in Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Soicalism in Africa - Essay Example ted by a capitalist system as espoused by the scholar, African socialists used the ideology for their self-serving means and thus reinforced the same vices that socialism was supposed to eradicate. Karl Marx understood socialism as a system of production in which use-value rather than economic value took precedence during production. It, however, requires a means of economic planning where individuals would benefit from economic output in accordance to their contribution. Ownership of resources and people’s livelihood would be in the hands of the working class through public ownership or cooperatives (Gasper 67). Therefore, unlike capitalism, which directed surpluses of production to the elite, socialism was designed to reward society and the working class for their participation in production. One should note that Marx largely focused on communism; however, the scholar dedicated a small portion of his time to socialism. Several scholars admit that it is hard to find details on socialism directly from Karl Marx, but it is possible to use his traditional concepts to expound on the principle. Marx believed that socialism was unique owing to the non-competitive way that production took place; people produce through association. In essence instead, of being controlled by some external power, the worker is engaged in production and has the capacity to control it. Socialism can only exist when a bureaucracy no longer manipulates society – be it the state or a smaller entity like a corporation. The above scholar often criticized capitalism for its alienation of workers; he claimed that most producers were trapped in the process of creating the means of production. They were never free to engage in creative expression or even realize the full potentials of their talents. Marx as the means which man could attain freedom once again would thus perceive socialism; he would be free from economic deprivation and spiritual deprivation. This is not to say that Marx called

Fracture of Ice Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Fracture of Ice - Term Paper Example Ice consists of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Water molecule has four nearest neighbors arranged near the vertices of regular tetrahedron centered about the molecule of interest. Oxygen atom of each molecule is strongly covalent bonded to two hydrogen atoms while molecules are weakly hydrogen bonded to each other. Like any other crystalline solid, ice is subject to stress undergoes elastic deformation returning to its original shape when the stress ceases or stops. If the shear stress or force is applied to a sample of ice for a long time, the sample will first deform plastically with permanent alteration of shape or simply change in shape. Plastic deformation or creep is of rather great importance in the study of glacier flow. It involves generally processes like intra-crystalline gliding in which layers within an ice crystal shear parallel to each other without destroying the continuity. During an ice structure interaction, area of high pressure form (HPZs). The HPZs are not linearly distributed across the area of interaction and varies in intensity and location in respect with time. Their formation is critical in evolution of interaction. When HPZs form near the edge of an ice sheet, they can precipitate large-scale fracture and sparling events. This hence reduces both load felt by the structure and ice sheet. Formation of the HPZs causes creation of layer damage. This layer contains fine grains that are as a result of a combination of processes such as recrystallization and micro-cracking. Pre-existing flaws within the ice may also play a role in scale effect. In nature, ice contains many flaws which may either be in form of large cracks and leads, entrained air bubbles or dirt and irregular grain size as well as composition. Point defects- Hydrogen and oxygen appear to have the same diffusion coefficient in ice, implying that the

Lupus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lupus - Research Paper Example Lupus is a complex autoimmune disorder affecting numerous bodily systems (Bernknopf, Rowley, & Bailey, 2011). The disease can manifest in clusters of symptoms that have been described as specific syndromes (Zandman-Goddard, Solomon, Rosman, Peeva, & Shoenfeld, 2012). Although there is no cure for the disease, the symptoms caused by lupus can be treated with medications (Bernkopf et al., 2011). There may be an environmentally imposed aspect of the disease in some patients that develop lupus (Zandman-Goddard et al., 2012). Knowing the cause of a disease can increase our ability to understand and therefore treat the disease. Unfortunately, this is not possible with lupus. The exact cause of lupus is unknown, and while it is posited that there may be a genetic factor involved, no specific gene related to lupus has been identified (Lupus Foundation of America, 2012). Individuals with family members who have lupus or another autoimmune disorder are more likely to develop lupus, and twin studies show increased likelihood of developing lupus in one twin when the other has it (Lupus Foundation of America, 2012). Certain ethnic backgrounds demonstrate a greater frequency of lupus, including African, Native American, Asian, Hispanic/Latino, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Island ethnicities (Lupus Foundation of America, 2012). Although anyone can get the disease, research shows that lupus appears in these populations more frequently than in others. The environmental aspect of lupus is related to the disease’s initial appearance, as well as the flare-ups the disease causes. For the disease to surface or flare up, there is exposure to some environmental catalyst that sets off a disease process (Lupus Foundation of America, 2012). ... It is also believed that the hormone estrogen is implicated in lupus, as the symptoms of the disease often first manifest during pregnancy or childbirth and can flare up with the menstrual cycle (Lupus Foundation of America, 2012). Despite the identification of these common factors in the backgrounds of individuals who develop lupus, science has yet to pinpoint a cause or cure for the disease. Anyone can get lupus and it does not appear to manifest more in any geographic location than another (Lupus Foundation of America, 2012). Scientists do not believe the disease is caused by anything in the diet of the sufferer, and cannot definitively state whether pollution could play a role (Lupus Foundation of America, 2012). Some studies have linked lupus with cigarette smoking, vitamin D deficiency, and vaccines, but have still been unable to attribute cause to any one of these (Zandman-Goddard et al., 2012). According to the present epidemiological data available on the disease, systemic l upus erythematosus usually appears in adult women aged twenty to forty years (Bernknopf et al., 2011). Its prevalence ranges from 14.6 to 68 cases per 100,000 population (Bernknopf et al., 2011). It appears in African American women as many as three to four times as frequently as in Caucasian women (Bernknopf et al., 2011). Only 15-20% of lupus cases are diagnosed during childhood (Livingston, Bonner, & Pope, 2011). There are a variety of symptoms that a person with lupus may describe during their first bout of lupus. Fever, fatigue, and weight loss are common complaints (Bernknopf et al., 2011). The symptoms of lupus can also appear on the skin in the form of a rash or in the mouth as an

Tennessee History of Native Americans and the time period leading up Essay

Tennessee History of Native Americans and the time period leading up to and during the French and English incursion - Essay Example The Native controlled their land and culture. However, the competition of the European nation over the control of the territory strengthened the native as some collaborated with foreigners and helped repel other European nations. This explains the contest between the French and the British over Tennesse. The incursion of the French and English men in Tennessee was received differently. The Native American engaged in numerous battles with the French which culminated to the French and Indian War. The native resisted the occupation of the foreigners in their land because it amounted to loss of land and businesses opportunities that has taken root before their arrival. One of the historic spot is the Fort Massac in the lower side of Illinois. The French established the Mossac during the French and Indian War. Moreover, not only had the French conquered the Native American in Tennessee, but also the Spanish had much influence in the region (Caldwell). The English also made their influence in the Tennessee and the Indian had to engage to every sort of invasion of their territory. The Cherokee and the Chickasaw were very hostile to the French Indians, but engaged in a friendly manner with the English. The Native used the Tennessee River to move to the north to attack the inhabitant of those areas. The Southern of Ohio developed as a strong centre and the French wished to expand their influence to the local tribes, Cherokee and Chickasaw. During this time, the England considered to build a fortification building in lower Ohio. The contest of both the French and English confronted the Governor of Virginia, Dinwiddie to disregard communication with the French and rather build a fortification that would cut the French influence in the region. Nevertheless, the French moved with speed and build the fortification at the mouth of River Tennessee. This enabled the French to control the lower part of Tennessee

Liability for personal injuries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Liability for personal injuries - Essay Example In the given example, the sales contract entered by the car dealer (seller) and Smith (buyer) contained a provision wherein the seller expressly disclaims any liability for personal injuries caused to the buyer, as a result of defects in the car and limiting the remedy for breach of warranty to repair or replacement of the defective part. As it turns-out, one month after purchasing the car, Smith was seriously injured when the car swerved off the road and fell into a ditch as a result of a defect in the steering mechanism of the car.   Here, the limitation given to the Smith to recover from a breach of warranty for personal injury or for the repair or replacement of the defective part of the car should be declared as unconscionable by the court. Therefore, the contract disclaimer shall be disregarded by the court and shall allow the buyer to recover damages from the seller, based on the breach of warranty for the personal injury suffered by buyer. A person who is injured by a defec tive product can seek recovery for damages based on breach of warranty.

Marriage and European Dowry Custom Essay Example for Free

Marriage and European Dowry Custom Essay Lobolo or Lobola (Mahadi in Sesotho; sometimes translated as bride price) is a traditional Southern African custom whereby the man pays the family of his fiancee for her hand in marriage (Compare with the European dowry custom where the woman brings assets[citation needed]). The custom is aimed at bringing the two families together, fostering mutual respect, and indicating that the man is capable of supporting his wife financially and emotionally. Traditionally the lobola payment was in cattle as cattle were the primary source of wealth in African society. However, most modern urban couples have switched to using cash. The process of lobola negotiations can be long and complex, and involves many members from both the brides and the grooms extended families. Often, to dispel any tensions between the families, a bottle of brandy is placed on the table. This is usually not drunk; it is simply a gesture to welcome the guest family and make everyone feel more relaxed (it is known as mvulamlomo, which is Xhosa for mouth opener). Lobola may have some unintended negative effects. It may have created a financial barrier for some young men looking to take a bride. It is common for a couple that are emotionally ready to commit to each other to stay unmarried if they do not have the financial resources to satisfy the impeding traditional ritual. For those who do have the financial means, the issue can be Lobolas opportunity cost. Young men who are in the wealth-creation stage of life may feel that their future is better secured if they invest their money elsewhere to receive significant financial returns. Lobola is seen by some as an extravagance that has little relevance in a society where young Africans are trying to lift themselves out of inherited poverty. However, the tradition is adhered to as strongly as ever, and in families where tradition and intention override greed, lobola can be a great way of showing commitment between families, not just between the bride and groom. Many traditional marriages utilise a cash-based lobola; this can be then followed by a European-style wedding ceremony, where the lobola funds are used to pay for expenses. In this way, any outlaid costs are returned to the payer in another form, preserving tradition, honour and finances.

English Macbeth coursework Essay Example for Free

English Macbeth coursework Essay Is the supernatural wholly responsible for the tragedy that occurs or is Macbeth fatally flawed and responsible for his own heinous crimes? It is my contention that all of the central characters have some integral part to play in the tragedy that occurs. Each have some function in the heinous crimes, and hence one individual cannot be held completely responsible for the bloodshed that occurs. William Shakespeare was born in April 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon. His father was named John Shakespeare; he was originally a glove maker before eventually becoming a politician. His mother, Mary Arden, belonged to the ranks of high society, being from a wealthy family, she subsequently inherited a great deal of money and farmland. Shakespeare was the third child born to the couple, but was the first to survive. The Shakespeares went on to have four children, Gilbert, Richard, Joan and Mary. Shakespeares family was quite wealthy, and when Shakespeare was four, his father was established as High Bailiff of Stratford. Shakespeares first school was Petty school and when he was seven, it is believed that he went to the local grammar school until at the age of twelve, when he left to help his father who had run into financial trouble. At the age of eighteen, Shakespeare met Anne Hathaway who was the daughter of a local farmer. She was twenty-six. They married in November 1582 and in May 1583 gave birth to their first child Susanna, she was followed two years later by twins Hamnet and Judith. Shortly after this, Shakespeare left Stratford, leaving his family behind. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, Shakespeare arrived in London and found a job in the theatre. He began to act and write a variety of plays and they were hugely popular, though many considered him to be intellectually insecure given that he was not university educated. In 1956, sadly young Hamnet died. By the age of 33, Shakespeare was making vast amounts of money and had been propelled to success, thus gaining country wide fame. He bought the second biggest house in Stratford, lots of land and a share in Londons finest theatre, The Globe. When James 1 became king he displayed a huge interest in the theatre given that he was patron of the arts. He ordered Shakespeares company to change their name to the Kings Men. In June 1613, Shakespeares play Henry V111 was put on at The Globe. During the play, a live cannon shot out a burning ball of paper, which landed on the thatched roof of the theatre. The whole building caught fire and within an hour it had burnt to the ground. After this, Shakespeare decided to retire and move back to Stratford. He was forty-nine and had written thirty-seven plays. He died on the 23rd of April 1616 at the age of fifty-two. He was buried two days later in Holy Trinity Church in Stratford. Macbeth was an old Scottish legend and according to the Holinsheds chronicles of England, Scotland and Wales, Macbeth became king of Scotland in 1040 after having defeated an inadequate, weak and youthful leader. Shakespeares Duncan was much older and demanded respect from Thanes; his murders were more heinous in the dramatic interpretation. The historical Macbeth reigned as king for 17 years. James 1, formerly a ruler in Scotland, was the eighth descendant of the Banquo-Fleance line and because of this Shakespeare presented Banquo in a more honourable light than the historical Banquo actually was. James 1 was intrigued and terrified by witchcraft. In 1597, he produced a book called Daemonolougie, which acted as a guide to recognise and defeat witches. King James believed that he had encountered witches and claimed three witches had raised a storm in order to drown him on his wedding trip. He believed that his encounter was real and three women were consequently murdered after they admitted sailing in a sieve to sink the ship. However, Shakespeare presented this encounter in Act one scene three. During this century, it is estimated that between 4,500 and 8,000 women were destroyed for supposedly practising witchcraft. The king even passed a law proclaiming death to anyone who was thought to be meddling in the dark forces. Shakespeare used the idea of witchcraft, kingship and moral order to develop the play, as these themes were greatly admired by a Jacobean audience. The play is extremely dramatic in its depiction of the corruption of natural order and raw ambition. It starts with the three strange witches meeting on an empty heath. King Duncan wins a great battle and Macbeth becomes a hero. Furthermore, Macbeth and Banquo meet the witches. They predict that Macbeth will be the Thane of Cawdor and later King. The prophetic hags first prophecy comes true and Macbeth does become Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth writes to Lady Macbeth telling her what the witches said. In an ambitious move the husband and wife plot to kill King Duncan. When Duncan comes to stay at Macbeths castle, Lady Macbeth persuades Macbeth to go ahead with the murder and grudgingly he does. Malcolm and Donaldblain, sons of Duncan, escape to England and Macbeth is crowned King. However, Macbeth does not trust Banquo and has him murdered, but when Macbeth has a feast, Banquos ghost appears. Hence, Macbeth resolves to revisit the witches and he sees strange apparitions, meanwhile, Macduffs wife and children are murdered by order of Macbeth. Lady Macbeth then becomes insane and dies. The castle is attacked, Macbeth is killed and Malcolm is proclaimed King. One lone character cannot be solely to blame for this tragedy, all of the central characters should be apportioned some blame. Macbeth is a brave and noble soldier who fought heroically for King Duncan. One would not suspect him of pre-mediated murder. Therefore, the witches must have had the ability to corrupt, manipulate and shape his mind. Macbeth must certainly be apportioned some blame as every man is in control of his own destiny. The witches never specifically told him to kill, they merely implanted a suggestion. Macbeth obviously had ambition, which was sparked from the beginning. The witches simply helped to spark this ambition and then worked to keep it alight. He acts along with the help of Lady Macbeth. She manipulates and supports his evil deeds. Macbeth had the power to reject the witchs suggestions and allow nature to take its course, this is evident, as he was able to control hundreds of soldiers in battle and give orders. He was not a weak and challenged man man. Macbeth was on the contrary selfish and power hungry. He let his greed influence him. Loves for his own ends, not for you However, one can reason that Macbeth was not always in control. He is said to be in a rapt state and one whethers this has anything to do with the elemental forces or his over sexual, manipulative wife. Even so, he may be possessed but he is in control of himself as the dialogue suggests, Stay you imperfect speakers tell me more In addition, his tone changes as he gains confidence and he becomes aggressive. This suggests that he is in control and can make up his own decisions. However, there are reflective moments when he reflects on his actions and decides against murder. If chance will have me king, why chance may crown me/without my stir However, this way of thinking is soon non-existent in the second act. Macbeth would be viewed as a hero if he made his own judgement and resisted the temptation. Lady Macbeth is also marginally to blame. She is introduced when she reads Macbeths letter. She is pushed, pressurised, manipulated and calculated the pre-meditated murder. She is powerful and dear to Macbeth and takes full advantage of this. However, we would not expect a woman to rein such power, as this would have been unlikely given the period. Without her cajoling, Macbeth may never have gone through with the first murder. She took control and handled the murders as an unsexed entity. It seems that Lady Macbeth may have been connected with the supernatural before, as she calls out to evil spirits. unsex me here Lady Macbeth could be considered a witch according to the standards of Shakespeares day. She subverts the order of the sexes and the usual family hierarchy by trying to assume more power than the head of the family, her husband. She does appear to have more power over him, as she challenges his manhood so he will commit the murder of Duncan. And live a coward in thine own esteem She uses sexual means to control her puppet like husband and entrances him; thus she is like a witch. By challenging her husbands manhood, she is making him mentally impotent yet in the same way pleading for herself to become an unsexed entity, on an equal power with her husband given his impotent and fragile state, if anything Lady Macbeth is more aggressive in this strange role reversal. This is highlighted in the following quotation, When you durst do it, then you were a man She does not follow the typical role of the wife; she transforms the social order and thus becomes the pinnacle of the family and her alliance with the dark forces becomes dubious, the fact that she works with the weird sisters to influence Macbeth suggests that she is at least indirectly allied with them. Though it can be said that, Lady Macbeth retains her mortal form and temporal powers; she has simply touched on the deep-seated ambitions and greed that were already present in him. Although Lady Macbeth coserts her power and dominance over her weak, ineffectual husband, the elemental forces also corrupt the impotent Macbeth. She also encourages Macbeth to become more confident and assertive and tempt him into using his ambition for his own gains. Without this guidance and the corrupt suggestions, Macbeth would probably have never acted on his impulses and desire for power. The witches cast spells and provide apparitions and thus drive his hunger for power and dominance. The withches intentionally taunt him by making him believe that he is in control, they change their tone and act subservient towards him, speak, demand, well answer We are also more prone to condemning them more as we learn the grotesque content of their cauldron, pour in sows blood that hath eaten her nine farrow These ingredients sound equally gruesome to Macbeth, yet this is overshadowed by the vague, riddled promises that they make, for none of woman born shall harm Macbeth They continually meddle in his life and one could question whether they had anything to do with the hallucinations. Most of the play is written in blank verse, which resembles the natural rhythm of spoken English. The language flows in this form, certain syllables are stressed and there is a lack of end rhyme. However, this rhythm is disturbed when the weird witches are present in the scene. The language and verse is varied, with the witches and present. The verse is much choppier and sharper. Shakespeare also used rhyming couplets, which is particularly applicable for use in the witch scenes, as riddled; rhyming couplets enhance the devious and corrupt nature of the witches. The vocabulary is archaic and typical of Elizabeth style. The language devices Shakespeare used are abundant; he uses figurative language, aural imagery, patterned sound, equivocation, biblical illusions, symbolism and personification. Act 1 Scene 1 opens with thunder and lightening. We establish that this scene could be evil as the weather suggests this. Hence Shakespeare has used pathetic fallacy to enhance atmosphere. It was believed that in superstitious times those fierce storms were omens of unrest in individual people and whole countries. The fact that the witches open the plays shows the theme of supernatural is integral to the play. Shakespeare used the weird witches to open the play to show that evil will taunt Macbeth and will influence what happens in the play. The unearthly creatures talk of the battle being, lost and won. This equivocation shows the witches have the power of prediction and that they have also been anticipating the fight for Macbeths soul. The witches actively seek to meet up with Macbeth; this portrays their meddling side to the audience. there to meet Macbeth The prophetic hags establish a link with the supernatural by calling their familiars. Their familiars were supposedly given to them from Satan to help with sorcery. I come Greymalkin The witches riddled phrases denote the confusion that will occur. Their ambiguous language addresses that things arent always as they seem. fair is foul and foul is fair This line is an analogy for the deceptive facade of Lady Macbeth. The witches Exeunt by hovering through the air and by doing this; they are symbolically linked with the supernatural. From analysing the evidence in this scene, one can assume that the blame is directed to the witches, as they are meddling in Macbeths affairs and are being associated with evil. Act 1 scene 3 also opens with thunder. It shows the extreme nature of the prophetic hags. Their meeting place, the heath, is symbolic of the barren and empty nature of the witches. blasted heath The fact the witches meet again reinforces the idea of sisterhood and coven, where hast thou been, sister? One witch has been a gruesomely killing swine. This is a ritual killing for evil purposes. Another witch relates how a sailors wife denied her food, so decides to attack the sailor. It was superstition that if you denied a witch food then the witch would take steps to punish you. The dramatist uses a strong metaphor here, which creates imagery, Aroint thee witch the rump-fed renyon cries The witch turned herself into a rat and sailed in a sieve to corrupt the sailors ship. There is a symbolic suggestion in the word rat that they are cunning and manipulative. Furthermore, the fact she turns herself into a rat indicates her lower status compared to her familiar. Therefore, her familiar is a lot more powerful than she is, as it is a cat. The witches are very civil to each other, which makes us question whether they really are intrinsically evil, Th art kind Moreover, they speak in rhyming couplets; this increases the notion of incantation and makes their riddles more complex. The first witch produces a human thumb. This implies that she has used her magic for evil. Macbeth is announced with a symbolic drum. His future is told within a drumroll. Death. Macbeths opening words directly associate him with evil. So fair and foul a day I have not seen It is in reference to an earlier quote that the unearthly creatures spoke. This links his destiny with the witches and evil. Macbeth speaks with an important, unsure and hesitant tone and the Weird Sisters prophesise that Macbeth will be Thane of Cawdor and King hereafter. This is what sparks ambitions. Banquo seems jealous but says Macbeth, Seems rapt withal He is in a trance and he may be possessed at this point, perhaps under the control of the supernatural. Banquo already recognises the witches to be unnatural and strange and is very vivid in his description of them. So withered, and so wild in their attire, That look not like th inhabitants o th earth In addition, Banquo may also be suggesting that Macbeth is greedy and expectant. Speak then to me, who neither beg nor fear your favours or your hate Even in his rapt state, Macbeth is still coherent enough to demand to know more. Thus he is in control of himself enough to absorb the information and calculate his actions. His tone becomes more commanding and demanding, hence Macbeth is capable of making his own decisions. Stay you imperfect speakers tell me more Macbeth feels powerful after having been victorious in battle. Macbeth is sadly deluded that he can control the elemental forces, which have succeeded in uncovering his raw ambition. One Macbeth learns he has been made Thane of Cawdor, Banquo says, What can the devil speak true This suggests that evil is at work, One must recognise that the witches never suggested murdering Duncan and it is essential to balance the evidence and make appropriate decisions. We learn of the Weird Sisters connection with evil and of their provoking and meddling, yet they never tell Macbeth to do anything they merely suggest. It is clear that Macbeth is showing his true colours by the end of the scene and is in complete control of his actions. One can reason that he is in rapt state, but after we are given this impression, there is also contrary evidence provided to suggest that he is in fact in control of his actions. The tone actively changes, commanding and directing. In Act 1 Scene 5, Macbeth has sent Lady Macbeth a letter and the first thing Macbeth writes about is the witches. Shakespeare is insinuating that the supernatural has a central role within the play. Macbeth writes, while I stood rapt in wonder of it We once again question whether he was possessed and can be held responsible for his actions. Macbeth calls Lady Macbeth, my dearest partner of greatness This suggests they have a good relationship and usually work together in partnership. Macbeth is aware that he may not have enough ambition. That thou mightst not lose the dues of rejoicing by being ignorant of what greatness is promised thee Macbeth is leaving the decisive action up to Lady Macbeth and hence is giving her freedom of choice. Lay it to thy heart and farewell Lady Macbeth realises that Macbeth is, too full o th milk of human kindness Lady Macbeth feels responsible for what happens so is plotting and planning for him. Yet do I fear thy nature Lady Macbeth reveals her thoughts about witchcraft and the supernatural by calling on evil spirits. come you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts One can assume that she has been embroiled in the supernatural before. She calls on the spirits to change her into a ruthless human being. To take away her soft feminine qualities so that she can assist her ambitious husband who lacks the evil he will need. unsex me here After critically examining the evidence in this scene, one can point the finger of blame towards Lady Macbeth who calls on evil spirits so she can assist her husband. She is already planning and plotting murder. One can now connect her with the supernatural and evil. In Act 1 Scene 7, Macbeth starts to change his mind about the murder, hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been, so clear in his great office In contrast, Lady Macbeth shows optimum strength in this scene. She undermines Macbeth and challenges his manhood. And live a coward in thine own esteem Lady Macbeth plots and plans the murder of Duncan. All her actions are pre mediated, which implies that she is a cold heartless killer, When Duncan is asleep whereto the rather shall his days hard journey soundly invite him-his two chamberlains. Will I with wine and wassail so convince, that memory, the warder of the brain, shall be a fume, and the receipt of reason a limbeck only; when in swinish sleep their drenched natures lie as in death She is so cunning and conniving that she has thought everything through. his spongy officers, who shall bear guilt We are reminded of the earlier quotation, fair is foul and foul is fair It seems to be unfolding like a prophecy. There should be equilibrium in apportioning blame in this scene as Macbeth, though deciding against the murder, was convinced very quickly to go through with it. If he really hadnt wanted to go through with the murder he would have put up a bit more resistance. One can reason that Lady Macbeth has a very strong influence over him and she knows how to use it to her advantage, especially in this scene as she challenges his manhood and has a carefully thought out plan. One could question whether she is inherently evil or whether Macbeth really had any other choice. In Act 2 Scene 1, Banquo is unable to sleep, as he is uncomfortable in the presence of evil thoughts. Merciful powers, restrain in me the cursed thoughts that nature gives way to in repose Macbeth denies his involvement with the unearthly creatures. He is very careful to hide his guilt in murdering Duncan. This is the turning point for Macbeth; he is becoming more and more empowered, I think not of them Macbeth believes he sees a dagger in front of him. This could be a sign of his need to muster his courage, hence he intentionally visualises his evil swaying. This could also be the work of the supernatural. The word dagger reminds us of the unnatural predictions, That summens there to heaven or to hell This soliloquy reveals Macbeths abnormal state of mind. It also reminds one of the unnatural witches who are products of hell. He believes he is becoming stronger, but ironically he is becoming weaker, as he is more and more disturbed as a result of the supernatural. One can use the evidence shown in this scene to appoint the blame to Macbeth as now he is denying any involvement with the witches and lying to his own friends as the supernatural is taking a hold of him. One could question his sanity as he sees a dagger, or one could reason that this is the supernatural meddling and taunting Macbeth. In Act 2 Scene 2, Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are becoming more frail minded as they are beginning to realise what they have done in order to get what they want. Lady Macbeth jumps at the sound of an owl. This suggests that she is becoming frail minded and is extremely anxious. Hark! Peace! Other signs of the pair frail mindness are that Lady Macbeth pleads with her husband not to go insane, which is ironic as this happens to her, and that Macbeth cant wash the blood from his hands. No, this my hand will rather the multitudnous seas incarnadine, making the green one red He cant literally wash the blood from his hands and also metaphorically he cant wash away the guilt of what he has done from his blackened soul. For all Lady Macbeths evil words she still has some sort of conscience, as she cant commit the murder herself. She is not as evil as she would like and maybe the evil spirits didnt remove all of her soft gentle side. Macbeth is remorseful, but Lady Macbeth has achieved her desires. She is adamant that the dead cant exact revenge. If anything she has been influenced and manipulated by the supernatural. the sleeping and the dead are but as pictures. Tis the eye of childhood that fears a painted devil In this scene we see that Macbeth is regretting his devious actions, yet this passes very quickly. Lady Macbeth shows very little regret or remorse. One can reason that she couldnt commit the murder herself so she cant be all evil. Both are becoming weakened and anxious. Macbeth cant return the daggers and is initially ashamed of himself. In Act 3 Scene 1, Macbeth has become more powerful. He has not yet converged with the witches, so we can assume that they havent complete power over him in this scene. Lady Macbeth and his own greed now directly influence everything he does. Macbeth has Banquo murdered, but it is his own madness that drove him to do it. He is now more in control of his destiny. I will put that business in your bosoms whose execution takes your enemy off He is level headed and cunningly instructs the murderers to plant themselves away from the palace. I will advise you where to plant yourselves.something from the palace Macbeth gives the murderers reasons to kill Banquo, claiming that Banquo had held them under fortune This portrays his intelligence, but also emphasises his evil side. Macbeth is very clear in what he must do to secure the thrown without challenge. We have scorched the snake but have not scorned it This implies that there are more murders to come. Macbeth is not troubled by the murders he has committed. He is more worried that Fleance escaped. From this we can establish that he has little or no conscience. Fool of scorpions of my mind dear wife thou knowst that Banquo and his Fleance lives One must recognise that neither the supernatural nor Lady Macbeth had anything to do with the murders of Banquo or Fleance, yet Macbeth now uses a style not unlike the style Lady Macbeth had used on him. One could say that her influence has not left him unmarked and she still has some sort of control over him, though it is mostly his own greed that is spurring him on to commit these heinous acts. In Act 3 Scene 4, Macbeth is becoming increasingly cruel in his manner and shows no remorse in his friends death. Tis better thee without than he within He is referring to the blood on the murderers face. Macbeth is upset that Fleance has escaped because it jeopardises his plans and he realises that he can still feel fear. But now I am cabined, cribbed, confined. Shakespeare uses alliteration in this scene for dramatic effect, it emphasises that Macbeth is trapped, desperate and afraid. The use of the c consonant is particularly effective since c is a hard consonant. The sharp sound evoked by this letter emphasises Macbeths fear. He also uses rule of three for literary effect moreover, there is a great association with the number three and magic. The dramatist is once drawing us back into the supernatural and highlighting the fundamental importance of the role of the prophetic hags. There the grown serpent lies, the worm thats fled This is an evocative metaphor used to describe Fleance. By calling him a serpent, Shakespeare is inferring that Macbeth sees him as devious, sneaky and sly. Macbeth sees an apparition of the deceased Banquo. We must question whether this is guilt or the supernatural meddling again. Which of you have done this? This is what we call an asside or soliloquy. A private moment where the character shares his thoughts with the audience. Lady Macbeth refers to Macbeth as a woman. It is ironic that Lady Macbeth feels so superior at this time, because shortly she becomes insane yet here she is perfectly sane. Macbeth reveals his evil intentions by explaining, we are yet but young in deed At the end of this scene Macbeth concludes that he will visit the Weird sisters (witches). His reliance on the supernatural is necessary to stifle his fear. One must recognise that he goes to the supernatural and not the other way about. Therefore, we blame Macbeth for going to the prophetic hags. Act 3 Scene 5 includes Hectate who is the supreme witch. This scene involves her scolding the witches for not involving her. This scene incriminates the witches which makes them responsible. How did you dare to trade and traffic with Macbeth in riddles and affairs of death Hectate also apportions some of the responsibility to Macbeth and believes the witches are wasting their time. Loves for his own ends, not for you The witches know Macbeth is coming to them and they will, draw him on to his confusion thus adding to the supernaturals already existing evil. The inclusion of this scene means that the metaphorical finger is pointed at the Weird Sisters. However, most editors do not consider this scene to be written by Shakespeare. Therefore, this scene should not be included when considering the evidence. If it were, it would suggest that the elemental forces were to blame the whole way through the play. In Act 4 Scene 1, the witches are involved in a ritual, making a concoction for Macbeth to drink. They will be instruments of his doom. There is similar assonance present, to emphasise the riddled and confused nature of their speech and hence to magnify the idea that these are unnatural creatures. chaudron.cauldron The way they chant together reveals their sisterhood. The prophecies they reveal are that Macbeth must be cautious of Macduff (thane of fife Nemises/avenger to Macbeth not born of a women); he will only be defeated when Birnham Wood moves to Dunsinane and that no man born from a mothers womb can ever harm Macbeth. These predictions though extremely ambiguous, are riddled prophecies of Macbeths future. They only tell half-truths but they are also double meanings. Macbeth longs to feel secure. Double double, toil and trouble This enhances the fact that the meanings are going to be double edged. The incantation reveals the turmoil that lies ahead. Macbeths tone is demanding and he thinks he has the power to control the witches when he most certainly doesnt. I conjure you, by that which you profess The witches recognise this and use it to their advantage by making Macbeth feel that he is in control by saying, speak, demand, well answer They are now purposely taunting him and acting in a subservient way and their tone has changed. They lure him into a false sense of security. say if thoudst rather hear it from our moths or from our masters Macbeth has become a puppet for the instruments of darkness. He has become conceited and believes he is untouchable. The prophetic hags have influenced and shaped him by implanting thoughts of grandeur into his head and extracting his ambition. He misinterprets the prophecies and still he isnt satisfied. Yet my heart throbs to know one thing We condemn the witches more so because of the ingredients they put in their cauldron are foul, grotesque and inappropriate in the extreme, Finger of birth strangled babe Yet Macbeth decides to murder all related to Macduff. The killing of these innocents is perhaps his most evil act. It cant be condoned, as they have nothing to do with the situation. Macbeth says, From this moment, the very firstlings of my heart shall be, the firstlings of my hand For this malevolent deed we blame him in this scene, as the witches never said anything about killing Macduffs family. This is completely of his own accord. In Act 4 Scene 3, Malcolm (son of Duncan and prince of Cumberland) tests Macduff and when it is clear that they are both loyal and good, they plan whats to be done. Macbeth has been energized by the witches and goes on a killing spree, murdering Lady Macduff and her son. He has killed me mother Once Malcolm and Macduff learn of the slaughter of Macduffs family they are clear that Macbeth must be stopped immediately. They invite assistance from, the powers of above, Or the heavens to overthrow the tyrant. This suggests that the supernatural world can be fair as well as foul. This reminds us of the former equivocation, which is the central coda of the play. Macbeth is crazed by murder. His actions are now gratuitous, as he is hungry for murder. He was once subservient to the supernatural and now he is a transformed lunatic. He was once empowered by them and now is obsessed and insane. After analysing the evidence from this scene it is clear that Macbeth should be blamed and one must also recognise that there is evidence to show that the supernatural is not all bad. In Act 5 Scene 1, Lady Macbeth becomes completely crazed. Firstly she sleepwalks. Lady Macbeth hallucinates that she has blood on her hands, has sin on her soul. Out damned spot, out I say. Hell is murky will these hands neer be clean? This juxtaposes what she has said previously. A little water should cleanse me of these deeds It is clear that her conscience troubles her and one must recognise that she is not wholly evil. In Act 5 Scene 3, Macbeth is still on a mission for power and will not go down without a fight. Ill fight until from my bones my flesh be hacked. Give me my armour This image is gruesome and unwholesome and it reminds us of the witches and their evil deeds. His choice of language leads us to believe that his encounters with the weird witches had some sick satanic effect on him. His frustration is apparent and he is cruel towards the servant, but this is understandable as he is faced with the risk of battle. He also invites some sympathy when he admits, my way of life has fallen into the sear Yet he musters some confidence at the end and one could recognise that he brought this all on himself. In Act 5 Scene 5, we see the death of Lady Macbeth. She commits suicide, as her evil deeds were too hard to live with. One can recognise that she is not all evil, but merely weak and that she could not live with what she had done. Macbeth seems too far-gone in his evil ways to feel real fear. At the end of scene five Macbeth begins to question the moral fibre of the witches. I pull in resolution and begin to doubt th equivocation of the field Even on the stake he ponders over how he could be killed when the witches promise differently. Whats he that was not born of a woman He still stupidly believes in what he was told. He has been duped as Macduff was, from his mothers womb untimely ripped Macbeth still shouts orders and damns others, yet ironically, it is he that is damned. After critically studying the evidence of that scene we blame Macbeth, as he is evil right to the very end and still obsessed with the supernatural and what the witches have told him. After close critical analysis it is my view that responsibility is swayed in each scene, yet on the whole each party are equally to blame for the bloodshed. There is sufficient evidence to imply that each party had a vital function in the outcome. Macbeth was not wholly responsible for the outcomes of the play, yet he is partly to blame for murdering for his own gains. It is obvious that sometimes he is said to be in a rapt state and one could question whether he had been possessed by the Weird witches. However, even in his rapt state he still seems to be in control of himself. Macbeth never actually calls the three women witches, only weird sisters or prophetic hags; thus one must question whether they actually have any power or only the power of suggestion. They never actually instruct Macbeth to murder anyone, yet they alongside Lady Macbeth work to water the seed of ambition. Fate may have intended Macbeth to seize the throne; the witches may just have been instruments to support this notion and provide Macbeth with guidance. The prophetic hags tempt Macbeth into using his ambition for his own gains and they have knowledge that Lady Macbeth is a power hungry woman who will aid Macbeth. One must assume that they too are evil as they cast spells, provide apparitions and implant notions of power and grandeur. Furthermore, the spells they cast are extreme and the ingredients are highly inappropriate, this further denounces the witches. finger of birth strangle babe In Jacobean times spells were thought to be powerful concoctions brewed for evil purposes. The witches encourage Macbeth to become more confident and assertive and Macbeth is linked with them from the start. He is linked through his phrasing and they talk of him before they are even introduced hence one could say that it is their primary intent to corrupt Macbeth. There to meet with Macbeth Macbeth allows himself be corrupted and is easily lead. His ambition was already there; the witches simply helped it grow. They cannot be held completely accountable as they only fuel and drive his ambition. Lady Macbeth must also be partly blamed for the outcome. She pushed, pressurised and coldly planned the murder of Duncan. She took control and handled the murders as unsexed entity. If not for her, Macbeth may never have murdered Duncan and if he had never murdered Duncan then he would never have got a taste for power or greed. It was only when he first murdered that his hunger escalated and he became driven by greed and ambition. Though one may assume that she is not all evil, as she could not live with herself for the crimes she had committed and became insane. Some critics insist that Macbeth was tricked, cajoled, tempted and guided by the supernatural forces and hence he is not to blame. However, it is my interpretation that the Weird Sisters did tempt, taunt and tease him. They sparked his ambition, but that ambition already lay within Macbeth; the witches simply brought in to the surface. Had the unearthly creatures not have done this one could argue Macbeth would never have thought of killing Duncan. Yet this is only a presumption. One must clearly recognise that witches under any circumstances told Macbeth to murder. Had Lady Macbeth not tackled and challenged Macbeths manhood, one could argue Macbeth may never have murdered Duncan or become embroiled in future murders. Yet it is clear that though in the early stages Lady Macbeth and the supernatural influenced Macbeth, he became a murdering lunatic all of his own accord and was in control of what he was doing. He chose his destiny and killed innocents without any influence from anyone except the influence of his own greed and desire. Macbeth is insatiable, ruthless and domineering. Yet none of the guilty parties are blameless. All three caused the tragedy and only with all three present could the tragedy have been caused. All three parties are portrayed with blame, the tragedy is more satisfying. A seventeenth century audience would have believed, Macbeth was not fully responsible, because witches were prevalent within their society yet a modern day audience would blame Macbeth fully, as they would contemplate that he had no excuse. She believes that it is easier to surface some pity for Macbeth when he is not the only one to blame but part of a triangle of guilt. In my opinion, it is easier to muster sympathy for a person who is not entirely to blame for their actions; in the case of Macbeth, the tragedy is more successful if the popular seventeenth century mentality is adopted, and thereby the witches and Lady Macbeth are made partly to blame for his downfall.

Relationship With The Media And Tourism

Relationship With The Media And Tourism According to statistics, there are aspects which affect our way of thinking much more than mass media alone. The information and advice we are fed daily from various sources can often be ignored by us, but the mass media influences us all greatly, therefore, it is important for us to define mass media. The term mass media was first used in the 1920s to denote a section of the media aimed at targeting the lager audience using outlets such as nationwide radio networks and mass circulation of newspapers and magazines, though some forms of mass media such as books and manuscripts had already been used successfully for centuries. Mass media includes Internet media such as podcasts, blogs, message boards and video. We now have the kind of exposure that is compares in scale to that which was once restricted only to a certain band of mass media producers. Such audience communication has been considered by various commentators as forming a mass society with special characteristics, in particular, atomization or the lack of social connections this makes it especially open to the influence of modern mass media techniques such as advertising and propaganda. Public media as a term is used much less and is defined as media whose mission is to server or engage a public. Mass media can be used for several purposes, these include: a. Advocacy, in business and social matters. This can include advertising, marketing, propaganda, public relations, and political communication. b. Entertainment, traditionally in the performing of music, acting and sports and more recently during the late 20th century via video and computer games. c. Public service announcements. What makes mass media so attractive? The tourism industry harnesses the mass media which in turn holds a form of mystique to the public. This is because the designed communication appeals to a wider demographic. Advances made in mass media technology aides the marketing and promotion of tourism. If it gets people talking then this is a sign of a good mass marketing drive. If it succeeds then not only does it mean that the advertising drive has worked well, but also that the organisation in charge will benefit by the much valued and sought after word-of-mouth method of advertising. 2) Types of Media It can be possible to divide the types of Media into 3 categories: Print Media, Electronic Media and New-age Media. à ¢- º Print Media à ¢-„ a. Book A book is a collection of sheets of paper, parchment or other material with a piece of text written on them, bound together along one edge within covers. A book is also a literary work or a main division of such a work. b. Magazine A magazine is a periodical publication containing a variety of articles, generally financed by advertising and/or purchase by readers. Magazines are typically published weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly or quarterly, with a date on the cover that is in advance of the date it is actually published. They are often printed in color on coated paper, and are bound with a soft cover. Magazines can be classified as: General interest magazines (e.g. Frontline, India Today, The Week, The Sunday Indian etc) Special interest magazines (womens, sports, business, scuba diving, etc) c. Newspaper A newspaper is a publication containing news and information and advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called newsprint. It may be general or special interest, most often published daily or weekly. The first printed newspaper was published in 1605, and the form has thrived even in the face of competition from technologies such as radio and television. à ¢- º Electronic Media à ¢-„ a. Broadcast: radio television Television and radio programs are distributed through radio broadcasting over frequency bands that are highly regulated by the Federal Communications Commission. Such regulation includes determination of the width of the bands, range, licencing, types of receivers and transmitters used, and acceptable content. b. Film Film encompasses motion pictures as individual projects, as well as the field in general. The name comes from the photographic film (also called filmstock), historically the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist motion pictures (or just pictures and picture), the silver screen, photoplays, the cinema, picture shows, flicks and commonly movies. c. Internet The Internet (also known simply as the Net or less precisely as the Web) is a more interactive medium of mass media, and can be briefly described as a network of networks. Specifically, it is the worldwide, publicly accessible network of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and governmental networks, which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked Web pages and other documents of the World Wide Web. à ¢- º New-age Media à ¢-„ a. Blogs (Web Logs) Blogging has become a huge form of media. A blog is a website, usually maintained by an individual, with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video. Entries are commonly displayed in reverse chronological order. Many blogs provide commentary or news on a particular subject; others function as more personal online diaries. b. RSS feeds RSS is a format for syndicating news and the content of news-like sites, including major news sites like Wired, news-oriented community sites like Slashdot, and personal blogs. It is a family of Web feed formats used to publish frequently updated content such as blog entries, news headlines, and podcasts. c. Podcast A podcast is a series of digital-media files which are distributed over the Internet using syndication feeds for playback on portable media players and computers. The term podcast, like broadcast, can refer either to the series of content itself or to the method by which it is syndicated; the latter is also called podcasting. The host or author of a podcast is often called a podcaster. d. Mobile Mobile phones were introduced in Japan in 1979 but became a mass media only in 1998 when the first downloadable ringing tones were introduced in Finland. Soon most forms of media content were introduced on mobile phones, and today the total value of media consumed on mobile towers over that of internet content, and was worth over 31 billion dollars in 2007 (source Informa). 3) Role of the media in tourism The mass media plays a unique role in modern society. Its growth has accompanies an increase in the magnitude and the complexity of actions and engagements within society. With rapid social change, innovation in technology, an increase in personal income, standard of life and the decline of some traditional forms of control and authority. Although much debated, there is an association between the development of mass media and social change, even after years of study into the influence of the media. Many of the consequences whether beneficial or detrimental which are attributed to the mass media are almost without doubt due to other tendencies within society. Sociologists would rarely deny the significance of mass media and mass communications as a whole, as being a main feature in the construction and circulation of modern social understanding and imagery. The media play a crucial role in putting emerging destinations in Eastern Europe and Central Asia onto the global tourist map, helping to boost the local economies, according to the United Nations Tourism Organisation (UNTO) (http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23983Cr=georgiaCr1=tourism). The vast majority of travel is decided upon by people who have never before travelled to that particular destination, and are therefore dependant on media reporting. Should a crisis occur, tourism can be seriously damaged. 4) Relationship with Media and Tourism It can not be ignored that the recent boom in tourism can be attributed to the media. Information is accessed using it and an education regarding the many interesting attractions to be found around the world. The internet is possibly the most popular source of information on destinations and the best way of reaching them. Through the Internet, information and various articles on a destination can be found which will give the traveller an advantage. They will also gain knowledge to determine which places best suit them and offer them the most. Using the internet is fairly easy and cheap to book. With online travel agencies, flights and trips can be booked simply by logging on to a particular website and making a choice from any of the tour packages the agency offers. 2. Effects of media on tourism The internet has for a long time been a key component and aide in the technology of travel. Surveys show that the trend is rising in numbers and indicate that travellers are doing their research and booking more and more of their travel online. Whist traditionally the realm of most major websites who were offering low airline fares with all the accompaniments are now in a position to offer even more. Social media now provides a completely new opportunity for interaction with its potential customers. It has become a global media platform which is at last, companies in all sectors are finding new way to: (http://38minutes.ning.com/profiles/blogs/can-social-media-make-an, Can Social Media make an impact on Travel and Tourism?) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ provide a greatly improved customer service à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ respond to customer needs in the marketplace à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ extend their real-world brands beyond current geographic restrictions These same things can occur in the world of travel and tourism! 1) Economy The tourism industry generates substantial economic benefits to host countries and tourists home countries. Particularly in developing countries, one of the first motivations for a region to promote itself as a tourism destination is the improvement made to its economy. Along with other factors, this massive economic development can bring both positive and negative consequences. (www.geointeractive.co.uk//economic%20impact%20of%20tourism.ppt, Globalisation and Tourism: Impact of Tourism) à ¢- ºNegative impact à ¢-„ There are numerous hidden costs relating to tourism, these can have a negative effect on the economy of the host community. Wealthy countries are better placed to profit from tourism rather than the poorer ones. In addition, the countries last developed will have the most urgent need for income, employment created by it and a general rise in living standards. These countries are less likely to realise these benefits due to large scale transfer of tourism revenues leaving the host country also the exclusion of local businesses and their products. a. Leakage The direct income for an area is the amount of tourist revenue that remains locally after taxes, profits and salaries are paid outside the area and after imports, these subtracted amounts are called leakage. Generally, in most all-inclusive package tours, around 80% of a travellers expenditure will go to the airline, hotels and other international companies, as opposed to local businesses and workers. In addition to this, significant amount of income actually retained at destination level can leave again through leakage. In Thailand, a study of leakage in tourism showed that an estimated 70% of all money spent by tourists actually left Thailand. There are two main ways that leakage occurs: Import leakage: This mostly occurs when tourists demand certain standards of foods, equipment and other products that the host country cannot supply. On average the import-related leakage for most developing countries to-date is between 40% and 50% of gross tourism earnings for small economies and between 10% and 20% for most advanced and diversified economies. Export leakage: Often, found in poorer developing countries, these are the only destinations that possess the necessary capital needed to invest in the construction of tourism infrastructure and its facilities. An outcome of this is an export leakage which will arise when overseas investors who finance the resorts and hotels take their profits back to country of origin. b. Enclave Tourism Local businesses sometimes see their opportunity to earn income from tourists severely reduced by the creation of all-inclusive holiday packages. When a tourist spends their entire stay at the same resort or cruise ship, which cater for all their needs and where they make all their purchases, there is little or no opportunity for local people to profit from tourism. All-inclusive hotels generate the largest amount of revenue but their impact on the economy is less per dollar of revenue than other forms of accommodation. All-inclusives also import more and employ fewer people per dollar of revenue than other hotels. The cruise ship industry provides another example of economic enclave tourism. In 1999 non-river cruises carried around 8.7 million international passengers. On some ships guests were encouraged to spend most of their time and money on board, more notably in the Caribbean. Guest opportunities to make purchases in certain ports are closely managed and restricted. c. Infrastructure cost Tourism development can cost the local government and local taxpayers a great deal of money. Developers may insist the government improve airports, roads and other infrastructure, along with tax breaks and other financial advantages, which can turn out to very expensive. Though the improvement of a countrys infrastructure can be deemed to be a necessity, when public resources are spent in such a way, it is often at the exposure of critical areas such as health and education. d. Increase in prices A tourist demands for services and goods will often cause price increases that react negatively on local residents whose income may not rise proportionately. Tourism development and the related rise in the demand of real estate may increase considerably along with a dramatic rise in building costs and land values, making basic daily requirements more difficult to attain. e. Economic dependence of the local community on tourism For a healthy economy diversification is a necessity. However, if a country or region becomes increasingly dependant for its economic survival upon one industry, it can put severe strain upon itself and the people involved to perform well. Developing countries, especially those without the ability to explore other resources have welcome tourism as a way to boost their economy. In Gambia, for example, 30% of workers depend directly or indirectly on tourism. Many small island states struggling to develop, percentages can range from 83% in the Maldives to 21% in the Seychelles and 34% in Jamaica. To rely solely on tourism carries a risk to those tourist-dependant economies. Economic recession, the impact of natural disasters such as tropical storms and changing patterns in tourism can all have a devastating effect. f. Seasonal character of jobs Problems that seasonal workers face include: job and income insecurity guarantee of employment difficulties in getting training employment-related medical benefits recognition of their experience working conditions and unsatisfactory and working conditions. à ¢- º Positive impact à ¢-„ a. Foreign exchange earnings Tourism expenditure will help generate income to the host economy which will stimulate the necessary investment for financial growth in various economic sectors. Some countries may accelerate growth by insisting that visitors bring in a certain amount of foreign currency for each day of the duration of their stay. A significant indicator of the role of international tourism is its generation of foreign exchange earnings. In 83% of countries, tourism is one of the leading five export categories this accounts for the main source of foreign exchange earnings for at least 38% of countries. b. Contribution to government revenues Taxes generated by direct contributions on incomes from tourism employment and businesses and direct levies made on tourist e.g. departure tax. Indirect contributions arrive via tax and duties charged on services and goods supplied to tourists. The TWO assumes that tourism and travels direct and indirect, and personal tax contribution globally was more than US$800 billion in 1998 this figure is expected to double by the year 2010. c. Employment generation International tourism and its rapid expansion has significantly increased employment. Eg. Hotel accommodation alone has provided around 11.3 million jobs worldwide during 1995. Tourism is able to create jobs directly via hotels, restaurants, nightclubs, souvenir sales and taxis amongst others, and indirectly via the supply of goods and services required tourist-related outlets and businesses. Tourism supports up to 7% of the global workforce. d. Stimulation of infrastructure investment Tourism can stimulate local government to make much needed infrastructure improvements, better water and sewage systems, roads, electricity, public transport and telephone amenities can all benefit from such investments. This will all invigorate, encourage, and improve the lives of residents and the tourist combined. e. Contribution to local economies The environment relies heavily on the assets of tourism revenues are often used amongst other in the economic value of protected areas. Other revenues are not so easily quantified, as not all of tourists spends is formally logged. Revenue is earned from tourism via informal labour such as street render, guides and drivers. A positive side to informal employment is that monies are generally recycled within the local economy this has a good multiplying effect as it is spend repeatedly over and over again its community. The WTO has estimated that tourism will probably generate an indirect contribution that will be equal to 100% of the direct total of tourism expenditure. 2) Culture There are concerns that the development of tourism could lead to some destinations losing their cultural identity if they cater for the presumed requirements of their tourists, in particular, the international market. This is based on the observations of other destinations having compromised their sense of identity. The experience of tourism can be somewhat different to the things people see and do when in a home environment, this includes the real life experience and lifestyle of the places and the people they may see during their visit. (http://www.gawler.sa.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/5_Gawler_Impacts_Tourism.PDF, The Social Cultural Impacts of Tourism) à ¢- º Positive impact à ¢-„ Tourism is an opportunity for cultural exchange and more, creating an interaction within people of different lifestyles, aspirations and needs. Putting economic benefits aside, experiencing outside contact within various communities draws attention to the host community. People will always want to interact with other cultures and communities in the hope of learning of their traditions or possibly be confronted by new challenges and perspectives on life. It has been said that travel is a means to discover that things unknown or forgotten within ourselves. Tourism is obviously an experience driven industry the more you do it the more you want it. In addition local culture is a unique experience, along with the local personality, food and hospitality. The more one knows and learns about a destination, the more fulfilling the experience will be. Tourism is often used as a tool for raising awareness. The local branding of certain products and achievements can create regional identity, nationally and internationally. The needs and awareness of local issues can be raised by tourism. There is a global trend that aims towards investment in interpretation of natural and cultural resources. The attraction to natural and heritage icons often helps to fund numerous conservation project it also provides opportunities for the management of those sensitive and significant areas. A growing and important number of cultural celebrations have emerged which highlight many important events whilst paying homage to their ancestry. Cultural events can assert their identity which help and preserve local traditions for younger generations they also influence and inform visitors. In Australia main urban areas which tend to be multicultural and have developed their own very unique cultures. Many mostly regional areas are very much influenced by the food and the culture of their founders. Local food, crafts and personalities are always kept alive and kicking purely by tourism whilst raising funds for the greater community. Tourism can often boost the preservations and transmission of cultural and historical traditions. This will often help with conservation and the sustainable management of natural resources, the protection of local heritage, and a revival of indigenous cultures and arts and crafts. à ¢- ºNegative impact à ¢-„ Many impacts are socio-cultural and result in a lack of information, false impressions, poor communication and knowledge and misinformation. Negative perceptions and attitudes towards visitors and tourism in general can affect tourism and communities. Ill feelings towards tourism, delays/obstructions to tourism product development plus lack of council/authority support can prevent tourism from flourishing; perhaps these communities are not yet ready or even prepared for the onslaught of tourism. Problems with the economy or the environment can all too easily, rightly or wrongly, be blamed on tourism. Leaving the channels of communication open and with adequate consultation transparency and involvement at community level at all stages during the planning process can benefit communities in taking ownership of tourism. In some circumstances the word tourist has become a negative term; in fact, many travellers no longer consider themselves as tourists and prefer the term traveller. There is a clear change in attitude of both the traveller and communities to the concept of the visitor. This concept now gives strength to the fact that travellers are merely guests of the community and that their stay in that community is very much a privilege and not a right. 3. Media marketing in tourism industry 1) How Film and TV drama images promote the new destination Greater knowledge of a country can be gained from film and TV. The wildlife, fauna, culture and its people can result in the broadening of minds and general attitudes towards the country. An interest in the nation and its positive image can eventually lead to an actual visit to the country (Iwashita, 2006). Leisure activities such as watching films as well as traveling are ways to escape. Both provide temporary relief from the real world (Carl et al., 2007). Films can induce viewers to travel by the physical properties (scenery and landscape) and their associated theme, storylines, events and actors, shaping the audience feelings, emotion and attitudes towards places. Location and film experiences are enhanced in memories by associating them with the actors, events and setting (Iwashita 2006; Riley Van Doren, 1992). One of the effective strategies to induce film tourists is collaborative campaigns with the film industry (Grihault, 2003). England provides an excellent example of the way in which film and television has boosted the tourism industry. Approximately 28 million visitors visit Britain each year after viewing the country on the screen (Kim et al., 2008). VisitBritain has made various efforts to temp Indian film makers to use UK locations in Bollywood movies, even if locations are used as backdrops for other countries. Movie maps have also been widely used to promote film locations of the destination. Movie maps have been found to be successful as part of film tourism marketing campaigns (Hudson Ritchie, 2006b). They can be used to ease film tourist in identifying various locations where the film has taken place. A movie map has been produced by VisitBritain highlighting more than 200 filmed locations across the UK. These materials have quickly become Visit-Britain most successful printed product. Other marketing strategies have included guided film tours and walks. Such tours have relied heavily on film illustrations enabling the tourist to identify the landscapes and buildings that have been used in the making of the move. There should also be a website dedicated to film tourism that will provide film synopsis, links to film-related websites, the necessary relevant information about travel within the destination including tours, accommodation, food, shopping and the opportunity to learn about film destination, the language, history, religion, lifestyle and leisure. 2) How consumers make a decision on their destination Literature on tourism shows that the image of a destination will influence significantly the tourists choice of destination. Images of destinations play a significant role in influencing tourist decision-making process as the basis for tourists to make choice about where to visit (Gartner 1989; Echtner Ritchie 1991). The more favourable the image of the destination, the greater the likelihood of being selected as a destination choice (Chon 1990; Um 1993). Butler (1990) suggests that films can influence the travel preference of those who expose to the destination attributes and create a favourable destination image through their representation. To influence the choice of destinations, understanding of how decisions are made and which factors can influence them are regarded as the important pieces of information (Woodside Carr, 1988). There are plenty models explaining the tourist decision-making process which include important variables influencing tourist decisions. It has long been recognized that travel stimuli through marketing efforts and previous travel experience have played an important role in influencing destination choice. Non-touristic-directed stimuli such as films can also have strong influences on tourist decision-making (Iwashita, 2003). These stimuli have not yet been included in the tourist decision-making models as important variables. The power of film in portraying a positive destination image to induce tourist arrivals to a place is clearly shown in various research (e.g. Tooke Baker 1996; Iwashita 2006; Kim et al., 2008). Having reviewed the literature, it was found that film-induced tourism is relatively new in tourism research. Research on the impact of film on tourist decision-making is even lacking (Busby Klug 2001; Hudson Ritchie 2006b; Rewtrakunphaiboon 2008). 4. Media on tourism of countries 1) Impact of Film on Visitor Number Film-induced tourism has brought major economic benefits to local communities such as lasting tourist receipts. Film locations can be all-year, all-weather attractions which alleviates problems of seasonality in the tourism industry (Beeton, 2004). Riley et al. (1998) studied 12 films and found that the peak of the interest appear after the release of the film, approximately 50% increase in visitation at least five years later and the image is often retained for a long time. 2) How films and TV drama influence on tourism A further significant benefit of film tourism is the increase in cultural value to the location of the film. Numerous heritage sites have been used as film locations and in many cases have seen their popularity soar as a result, particularly after its release. Such sites acquire specific meaning through its film narration. Without film storylines, a castle or a stately home may not be indistinguishable form others (Busby Klug, 2001). Film locations worldwide now play a major role in deciding which country a tourist will visit. The American soap opera Sex and the City is one of the examples that have become such a big hit not only in the United States but around the world. Hundreds of shops, restaurants and bars that were featured in the film have become significant destinations and an added reason to visit New York. à ¢- º Specific Film and drama cases à ¢-„ a. The Piano, Lord of Ring, etc (New Zealand) New Zealand is one of the latest destinations to benefit from film-induced tourism. The movie, The Piano has provided many positive benefits form tourism within New Zealand. New Zealand was shown in its promotional posters which in turn aided and promoted international tourism advertising. The image of New Zealand has been enhanced further after being the backdrop to all three Lord of the Rings films. The New Zealand tourism website promotes itself as Home of Middle-earth. Amongst other popular films that were shot in New Zealand include The Last Samurai, Whale Rider and Perfect Strangers. Websites that link particular films to their film locations is a very effective promotional tool to induce tourists to the destination (Croy Walker, 2003). This promotion strategy has been used in New Zealand where Tourism New Zealand developed part of its website to specifically promote The Lord of the Rings and other film locations throughout the country. b. TV drama (South Korea) The Korean film named Stairway to Heaven, one of the popular television series in Asia, was shot in many clichà © places but the sentimental location is the merry-go-round at the Lotte World. After the release of the film, the merry-go-round at Lotte World has become the famous attraction among Asian tourists (Aran, 2007). Evidence shows that the emotional attachment that film-induced tourists have with the film is a recreation of the often stunning locations. In Winter Sonata, the evidence is shown and impression scene of two lovers holding hands whilst walking on a log. This famous log has now had to be destroyed and removed from the location due to an overwhelming number of visitors, some attempting to emulate the scene in the film. Film can enhance the destination image and increase the awareness of the host city. Previous research (Kim Richardson, 2003) suggests that those who are exposed to the film have more favourable destination image towards destinations featured through films than those who are not exposed to films. 5. Conclusion This report shows the relationship between the tourism and the media and its actual effect on tourism. It also gives an illuminating perception of film-induced tourism by revealing a lack of research in tourism and requesting further empirical studies into this aspect of tourism. It also shows the advantages to be had from film-induced tourism, opening up many locations to a wider audience and informing the tourism more than traditionally targeted tourism promotional campaigns. The marketing of film tourism has been used successfully in many of the leading film locations in United Kingdom, United States, Korea and New Zeal

The Major Catalysts in the Formation of the Internet and Digital World :: Internet Digital Essays

The Major Catalysts in the Formation of the Internet and Digital World Introduction There exisits two schools of thought concerning which components have been the major catalysts in the forming of the internet and digital world as we know it today. Both entertain stimulating and valid arguments. Manovich stipulates that the visual format of the internet is purely based on the visual reasoning that erupted out of the late nineteenth century as a result of constructivist principles and the tremendous introduction of the cinema, while Cook provides a good argument that although the assertions made by Manovich are true, Manovich overlooks an important component to the aesthetics and organization of the digital internet. Cook describes the importance of late Victorian logic in the form of diagrammatical information put forth by visual reasoning and mathematical pioneers such as Venn, Marshall, and Carroll. It is my opinion that a combination of certain elements of both Manovich's and Cook's arguments creates a visual reasoning amalgam of why the internet looks like it does today. Each school of thought represents a portion of what we see when we click on the little blue link called "e" and escape into a world of dazzling, creative expressions of information and interpretation. I believe that the methods of Victorian logic are the vehicles in which information is organized and made easily accessible to the interactive users; while Victorian logic has adapted into the utilitarian aspect of the internet, the principles of constructivism which had originally sprung out of the art historical movement called soviet constructivism (early twentieth century) have formed the aesthetic and more directly interactive part of the internet. Manovich's Argument "The techniques developed by the artistic avant-garde of the 1920's became embedded in the commands and interface metaphors of computer software. In short, the avant-garde vision became materialized in a computer."(1) Manovich declares that there are three main developmental stages in the historical context of visual reasoning; I believe Cook's description of these three stages is very clear and succinct, and generally gives overall essence of Manovich's basis for his argument: "First of all he outlines an early period between 1870 and the 1920's, during which there occurred 'a profound change in the cultural attitude toward vision.' This initial cultural shift paved the way for a second stage in the modern history of vision, a stage which arrived around or soon after the Second World